.png)
.png)
* Corresponding Author
Molecular Analysis and Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Symbiont Bacteria Isolates Polycarpa aurata
https://doi.org/10.22146/mot.105930 Herwin Herwin(1*), Gemini Alam(2), Sartini Sartini(3), Abdul Rahim(4), Ayyub Harly Nurung(5), Amirullah Amirullah(6), Nasrul Haq(7)
(1) Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, 90231
(2) Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar
(3) Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar
(4) Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar
(5) Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, 90231
(6) Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, 90231
(7) Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, 90231
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Symbiont bacteria associated with Polycarpa aurata are known to produce secondary metabolites with diverse bioactive properties, including antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, and antiprotozoal activities. This study evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of symbiotic bacterial isolates obtained from the white morphotype of P. aurata collected from Barrang Lompo Island, Makassar City, Indonesia. The agar diffusion method and ELISA reader assay were employed for antibacterial and antibiofilm analyses, respectively. Four pure isolates were obtained and designated AQ2-1, AL2-3, AL2-4, and AL2-5. Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that isolate AQ2-1 corresponded to Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain AB18. This isolate exhibited a pronounced inhibition zone against Bacillus subtilis, with an optimal incubation period of 68 h for secondary metabolite production. Chemical analysis of the bioactive compounds from isolate AQ2-1 identified adenine riboside and bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate as the major constituents. Adenine riboside exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, producing an inhibition zone of 12.2 mm against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, while bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate produced an inhibition zone of 10.8 mm against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990. In the antibiofilm assay, adenine riboside achieved the highest inhibition at 77.09% against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, whereas bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate inhibited Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 by 73.61%. These findings demonstrate that secondary metabolites produced by the AQ2-1 isolate of symbiont bacteria from P. aurata possess strong antibacterial and antibiofilm activities and may serve as promising candidates for future antimicrobial development.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdellatief H., Sehim E.A., Emam E.A., Amer M., Dacrory S., and Hashem H.A. (2025). Antimicribioal, Antibiofilm and Antioxidant Activities of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites of Marine Scarus ghobban gut-associatied Aspergilus niger: In-vitro and In-silico Studies. Nature, 15:23620, Doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06605-6
Al Tanto, T., & Kusumah, G. (2016). Waters Quality In Bungus Bay Based On Sea Water Quality Standards In Different Season. Maspari Journal: Marine Science Research, 8(2), 135–146.
Ariani, N., & Niah, R. (2019). Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract Unripe Kepok Banana’s Skin Ethanol Extract in Vitro. Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung, 5(2), 161–166.
Astuti, A. D., Perdana, A. I., Natzir, R., Massi, M. N., & Alam, G. (2021). Compound Analysis and Genetic Study of Selected Plectranthus scutellarioides Varieties from Indonesia. Pharmacognosy Journal, 13(6).
Astuti, P., Pratoko, D., Rollando, R., Hertiani, T., Wahyuono, S., & Nurrochmad, A. (2021). Bioactivities of a Major Compound from Arthrinium rasikravindrae, an Endophytic Fungus of Coleus amboinicus Lour. Fabad Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 46, 23–30.
Ayuningrum, D., Kristiana, R., Nisa, A. A., Radjasa, S. K., Muchlissin, S. I., Radjasa, O. K., Sabdono, A., & Trianto, A. (2019). Bacteria Associated with Tunicate, Polycarpa aurata, from Lease Sea, Maluku, Indonesia Exhibiting Anti-Multidrug Resistant Bacteria. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20(4), 956–964. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200404
Berlanga, M., & Guerrero, R. (2016). Living Together in Biofilms: The Microbial Cell Factory and Its Biotechnological Implications. Microbial Cell Factories, 15, 1–11.
Boss, R., Overesch, G., & Baumgartner, A. (2016). Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli, Enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus from Raw Fish and Seafood Imported into Switzerland. Journal of Food Protection, 79(7), 1240–1246. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-463
Carrano, L., & Marinelli, F. (2015). The Relevance of Chemical Dereplication in Microbial Natural Product Screening. Journal of Applied Bioanalysis, 1(2), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.17145/jab.15.010
Casertano, M., Imperatore, C., Luciano, P., Aiello, A., Putra, M. Y., Gimmelli, R., Ruberti, G., & Menna, M. (2019). Chemical Investigation of the Indonesian Tunicate Polycarpa aurata and Evaluation of the Effects Against Schistosoma mansoni of the Novel Alkaloids Polyaurines A and B. Marine Drugs, 17(5), 278.
CheBi. (2025). Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary (LCSS) Datasheet. https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:16335
Chen Y., Zhao, J., Liu, C., Wu, D., & Wang, X. (2023). In-vitro antibacterial activity and mechanism of Monarda didyma essential oils against Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. BMC Microbiology, 23(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-023-03015-4
Cherfia, R., Zaiter, A., Akkal, S., Chaimbault, P., Abdelwahab, A. B., Kirsch, G., & Kacem Chaouche, N. (2020). New Approach in The Characterization of Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Calycotome spinosa (L.) Link Leaves by The Use of Negative Electrospray Ionization LITMS , LC-ESI-MS/MS, As Well As NMR Analysis. Bioorganic Chemistry, 96, 103535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103535
Diggle, S. P., & Whiteley, M. (2020). Microbe Profile: Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Opportunistic Pathogen and Lab Rat. Microbiology, 166(1), 30–33.
Dou, X., & Dong, B. (2019). Origins and Bioactivities of Natural Compounds Derived from Marine Ascidians and Their Symbionts. Marine Drugs, 17(12), 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17120670
Ganesh, P. S., & Rai, V. R. (2018). Attenuation of Quorum-Sensing-Dependent Virulence Factors and Biofilm Formation by Medicinal Plants Against Antibiotic Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 8(1), 170–177.
Gökalsın, B., Berber, D., & Sesal, N. C. (2019). Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Inhibition. In Quorum Sensing (pp. 227–256). Elsevier.
Hamzah, H., Hertiani, T., Utami, S., Nuryastuti, T., & Puspitasari, A. (2020). Antibiofilm Studies of Zerumbone Against Polymicrobial Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12, 1307–1314. https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2020.SP1.211
Herwin, Alam G., Sartini, Hasan N., Rahim A., Rante H., Yulianti R., and Rahman L. (2024). Antibacterial activity and bioactive compounds of symbiotic bacterial isolates from Polycarpa aurata in Barrang Lompo Island, Makassar, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 26(5). DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260531.
Hidayat, M., Mufidah, M., & Rante, H. (2018). Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Endophytic Microbe of Pegagan (Centella asiatica L.) Plant as Antimicrobial. Majalah Farmasi Dan Farmakologi, 22(2), 56–60. https://doi.org/10.20956/mff.v22i2.5702
Jamal M., Ahmad, W., Andleeb, S., Jalil, F., Imran, M., Nawaz, M. A., Hussain, T., Ali, M., Rafiq, M., & Kamil, M. A. (2018). Bacterial biofilm and associated infections. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 81(1), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2017.07.012
Javed, M. R., Salman, M., Tariq, A., Tawab, A., Zahoor, M. K., Naheed, S., Shahid, M., Ijaz, A., & Ali, H. (2022). The Antibacterial and Larvicidal Potential of Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Molecules, 27(21), 7220.
Inayah, Hartono, Indarto D., and Suryawati B. (2025). Antibacterial and Antibiofilm of Cinnamomum burmanii Bark Oil (CbBO) against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603: In Vitro Study. Trad. Med. J., 30(1), p 110-120. DOI: 10.22146/mot.97396.
Kadarusman, Rachmawati, R., Setyawidati, N., Sektiana, S., Albasri, R., Nurdin, E., Saputra, R., Muhammad, D., Nursid, & Purbani, D. (2019). Indonesian Maritime Big Book Series (S. Widjaja & Kadarusman, Eds.; 1st ed., Vol. 2). Amafrad Press.
Khalila, R., & Suhartono, S. (2020). Isolation and Characterization of Thermophilic Bacteria as Cellulolytic Enzyme Producer from the Hot Spring of Ie Seuum Aceh Besar, Indonesia. Microbiology Indonesia, 14(1), 4.
Kohram, M., Vashistha, H., Leibler, S., Xue, B., & Salman, H. (2021). Bacterial Growth Control Mechanisms Inferred from Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Single-Cell Measurements. Current Biology, 31(5), 955–964.
Krishnan, P., Bhat, R., Kush, A., & Ravikumar, P. (2012). Isolation and functional characterization of bacterial endophytes from Carica papaya fruits. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 113(2), 308–317.
Lee, J., Cho, M. H., & Lee, J. (2011). 3‐Indolylacetonitrile Decreases Escherichia coli O157:H7 Biofilm Formation and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence. Environmental Microbiology, 13(1), 62–73.
Lee, P.-S., Lu, Y.-Y., Nagabhushanam, K., Ho, C.-T., Mei, H.-C., & Pan, M.-H. (2023). Calebin-A Prevents HFD-induced Obesity in Mice by Promoting Thermogenesis and Modulating Gut Microbiota. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 13(2), 119–127.
Magdalena, S., Rustandi, N., & Yogiara, Y. (2020). The In Vitro Antibiofilm Activity of Bacteria Isolated From Waterfall and Marine Environment Against Human Bacterial Pathogens. Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi, 13(2), 250–262.
Mailoa, M. N., Mahendradatta, M., Laga, A., & Djide, N. (2014). Antimicrobial Activities of Tannins Extract from Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava L.) on Pathogenic Microbes. 3(1), 236–241.
Mansour Bayat. (2011). Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Burnt Patients in Urmia, Iran. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(9). https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR10.790
Marzuki, I., Noor, A., & La Nafie, N. (2018). Isolation and Identification of Amylase Enzime-Producing Sponge Simbiont Bacteria from Melawai Beach Balikpapan. 1. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/R4JYA
Menna, M., Fattorusso, E., & Imperatore, C. (2011). The Antibacterial and Larvicidal Potential of Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Molecules 2011, Vol. 16, Pages 8694-8732, 16(10), 8694–8732. https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES16108694
Murray, C. J. L., Ikuta, K. S., Sharara, F., Swetschinski, L., Robles Aguilar, G., Gray, A., Han, C., Bisignano, C., Rao, P., Wool, E., Johnson, S. C., Browne, A. J., Chipeta, M. G., Fell, F., Hackett, S., Haines-Woodhouse, G., Kashef Hamadani, B. H., Kumaran, E. A. P., McManigal, B., … Naghavi, M. (2022). Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis. The Lancet, 399(10325), 629–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
Murti, P. D. B., & Radjasa, O. K. (2012). Antibacterial Activity of Bacterial Symbiont of Soft Coral Lobophytum sp. Against MDR Bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphyllococcus aureus. Journal of Coastal Development, 15(3), 297–302.
Nuryanti, S., Herwin, H., Fitriana, F., Sultan, S., & Nasir, R. (2023). Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Portulaca oleracea L. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2595(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0124016
Oh, Y. J., Jo, W., Yang, Y., & Park, S. (2007). Influence of Culture Conditions on Escherichia coli O157: H7 Biofilm Formation by Atomic Force Microscopy. Ultramicroscopy, 107(10–11), 869–874.
Phongsopitanun, W., Suwanborirux, K., & Tanasupawat, S. (2019). Distribution and antimicrobial activity of Thai marine actinomycetes. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 9(2), 129–134.
Rabin, N., Zheng, Y., Opoku-Temeng, C., Du, Y., Bonsu, E., & Sintim, H. O. (2015). Agents That Inhibit Bacterial Biofilm Formation. Future Medicinal Chemistry, 7(5), 647–671.
Ramadhana, E. R., Herwin, H., & Nuryanti, S. (2024). Isolation of Endophytic Fungi from Aloe vera Against Bacteria That Cause Digestive Tract Infections by TLC-Bioautography and Agar Diffusion. Journal Microbiology Science, 4(1), 1–10.
Risna, R., Fauziah, R., & Djide, N. (2022). Isolation and characterization of Bioactive Antibacterial Compounds, Bacteria Associated with Sea Sponges (Agelas oroides). Majalah Farmasi Dan Farmakologi, 26(3), 96–100.
Rocchetti, G., Alcántara, C., Bäuerl, C., García-Pérez, J. V, Lorenzo, J. M., Lucini, L., Collado, M. C., & Barba, F. J. (2020). Bacterial Growth and Biological Properties of Cymbopogon schoenanthus and Ziziphus lotus are modulated by extraction conditions. Food Research International, 136, 109534.
Rompas, S., Wewengkang, D., & Mpila, D. (2022). Antibacterial Activity Test of Marine Organisms Tunicates Type Polycarpa aurata Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmacon, 11(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.11.2022.39137
Sari, F., Widyorini, N., & Sabdaningsih, A. (2021). Isolation and Identification with 16S rRNA Gene from Bacteria Associations of Sponges Class Demospongiae in the Waters of Tulamben Bali. Jurnal Pasir Laut, 5(2), 110–118.
Sathe, N., Beech, P., Croft, L., Suphioglu, C., Kapat, A., & Athan, E. (2023). Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Infections and Novel Approaches to Treatment “Knowing The Enemy” The Threat of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Exploring Novel Approaches to Treatment. Infectious Medicine, 2(3), 178–194.
Sidabutar, E. A., Sartimbul, A., & Handayani, M. (2019). Distribution of Temperature, Salinity and Dissolved Oxygen to Depth in The Waters of Prigi Bay, Trenggalek Regency. JFMR (Journal of Fisheries and Marine Research), 3(1), 46–52.
Sipriyadi, S., Wahyudi, T., Suhartono, T., Meryandini, A., Wahyudi, A., Suhartono, M., & Meryandini, A. (2020). Optimization of Xylanase Production by Streptomyces Costaricanus 45I-3 Using Various Substrates Through Submerged Fermentation. Microbiology Indonesia, 14(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.5454/mi.14.1.5
Sun, W., Wu, W., Liu, X., Zaleta-Pinet, D. A., & Clark, B. R. (2019). Bioactive compounds isolated from marine-derived microbes in China: 2009-2018. Marine Drugs, 17(6), 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17060339
Tobi, C. H. B., Saptarini, O., & Rahmawati, I. (2022). Aktivitas Antibiofilm Ekstrak dan Fraksi-Fraksi Biji Pinang (Areca catechu L.) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. J Pharm Sci, 1, 57.
Vind, K., Maffioli, S., Fernandez Ciruelos, B., Waschulin, V., Brunati, C., Simone, M., Sosio, M., & Donadio, S. (2022). N-Acetyl-Cysteinylated Streptophenazines from Streptomyces. Journal of Natural Products, 85(5), 1239–1247. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01123
Weidong Q. (2023). Antimicrobial activity of eugenol against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and its effect on biofilms. Microbial Pathogenesis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103924
WHO. (2014). Health for the world’s adolescents: a second chance in the second decade: summary. World Health Organization.
Wimmerstedt, A., & Kahlmeter, G. (2008). Associated Antimicrobial Resistance in scherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. Clinical Microbiology and Infection : The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 14 4, 315–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01946.x
Wood, S. J., Kuzel, T. M., & Shafikhani, S. H. (2023). Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Infections, Animal Modeling, and Therapeutics. Cells, 12(1), 199.
Worthington, R. J., Richards, J. J., & Melander, C. (2014). Non-Microbicidal Control of Bacterial Biofilms With Small Molecules. Anti-Infective Agents, 12(1), 120–138.
Wright, E. S., Yilmaz, L. S., & Noguera, D. R. (2012). DECIPHER, A Search-Based Approach to Chimera Identification for 16S rRNA Sequences. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(3), 717–725.
Wu, H., Lee, B., Yang, L., Wang, H., Givskov, M., Molin, S., Høiby, N., & Song, Z. (2011). Effects of Ginseng on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Motility and Biofilm Formation. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 62(1), 49–56.
Yetti, E., Thontowi, A., Yopi, Y., & Lisdiyanti, P. (2015). Screening of Marine bacteria capable of degrading various polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology, 10(3), 121–127.
Zagrodnik, R., Duber, A., & Seifert, K. (2021). Hydrogen Production During Direct Cellulose Fermentation by Mixed Bacterial Culture: The Relationship Between The Key Process Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology. Journal of Cleaner Production, 314, 127971.
Zárate-Chaves, C. A., Romero-Rodríguez, M. C., Niño-Arias, F. C., Robles-Camargo, J., Linares-Linares, M., Rodríguez-Bocanegra, M. X., & Gutiérrez-Rojas, I. (2013). Optimizing a Culture Medium for Biomass and Phenolic Compounds Production Using Ganoderma lucidum. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 44, 215–223.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/mot.105930
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 82
| 
views : 46
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Majalah Obat Tradisional
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.