A Preliminary Study of the Physico-Chemical Parameters and Potential Pollutant Sources in Urban Lake Rawa Besar, Depok, Indonesia

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.60420

Mangapul Parlindungan Tambunan(1), Kuswantoro Marko(2*), Ratna Saraswati(3), Rokhmatuloh Rokhmatuloh(4), Revi Hernina(5)

(1) Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia
(2) Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia
(3) Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia
(4) Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia
(5) Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Lake Rawa Besar is an urban lake surrounded by dense settlements and commercial areas that are currently experiencing physical and ecological pressures due to uncontrolled land-use change around the lake. Therefore, this preliminary study aimed to investigate the sustainable management of the lake in order to create a recreational destination area. It was carried out by ascertaining the lake water quality status through the analysis of the physical and chemical parameters and identifying the potential pollutant sources due to land use and human activities. The physical parameters include TDS, TSS, Turbidity, while the chemical parameters include Nitrate-N, Total Phosphate-P, and BOD. Furthermore, field surveys on 30 water samples were conducted once at noon and statistical analysis was used to ascertain the correlation between the physical and chemical parameters. Finally, Geographic Information System (GIS) tools were used to investigate the spatial distribution of the Physico-chemical parameters and the potential pollutant sources. The results showed that based on the six parameters of the water quality status, the lake was lightly polluted. It also showed that three parameters such as Turbidity, BOD, and TSS exceed the permissible limit with 93.3, 66.7, 43.7% of the total samples, respectively. Additionally, a strong correlation existed between BOD and Turbidity with r=0.95, while a medium correlation existed between Nitrate-N and Phosphate-P with r=0.40. The spatial distribution of the concentration of the physico-chemical parameters generally had a varied pattern,  however, Turbidity and BOD had a similar pattern, especially in the bank areas. Finally, domestic and organic wastes were indicated as pollutant sources, which increased eutrophication in the lake.

Keywords


urban lake; sediments; nutrients; land use; human activities; pollutants; Lake Bawa Besar; Depok; West Java

Full Text:

PDF


References

Ayu, W. F. (2009). Relationship between Macrozoobenthos and Water Quality and Substrate in Situ Rawa Besar, Depok [IPB University]. https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/14251 [In Bahasa Indonesia]

Barokah, G. R., Ariyani, F., & Siregar, T. H. (2017). Comparison of STORET and Pollution Index Method to Assess The Environmental Pollution Status: A Case Study from Lampung Bay, Indonesia. Squalene Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology, 12(2), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.15578/squalen.v12i2.287.

Betiku, O. C., Sarjeant, K. C., Ngatia, L. W., Aghimien, M. O., Odewumi, C. O., & Latinwo, L. M. (2021). Evaluation of microbial diversity of three recreational water bodies using 16S rRNA metagenomic approach. Science of The Total Environment, 771, 144773. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144773

Birch, S., & McCaskie, J. (1999). Shallow urban lakes: a challenge for lake management. Hydrobiologia, 395(0), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017099030774

Clesceri, L. S., Greenberg, A. E., & Eaton, A. D. (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington DC.

Daphne, L. H. ., Utomo, H. D., & Kenneth, L. Z. H. (2011). Correlation between Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids in Singapore Rivers. J. of Water Sustain, 1, 55–64. Retrieved from http://www.jwsponline.com/uploadpic/Magazine/pp 55-64 JWS-A013 New.pdf

Depok City Environmental Agency. (2006). Revitalization of Lake Rawa Besar. Retrieved August 12, 2018, from https://www.depok.go.id/04/10/2010/01-berita-depok/revitalisasi-situ-rawa-besar (In Bahasa Indonesia)

Effendi, H. (2003). Study of Water Quality (Telaah Kualitas Air). Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Kanisius. [In Bahasa Indonesia]

Effendi, H., Romanto, & Wardiatnob, Y. (2015). Water quality status of Ciambulawung River, Banten Province, based on pollution index and NSF-WQI. Procedia Environmental Sciences 24, 228 – 237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.03.030

Hannouche, A., Chebbo, G., Ruban, G., Tassin, B., Lemaire, B. J., & Joannis, C. (2011). Relationship between turbidity and total suspended solids concentration within a combined sewer system. Water Sci. Technol, 64. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.779

Henny, C., & Meutia, A. A. (2014). Urban Lakes in Megacity Jakarta: Risk and Management Plan for Future Sustainability. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 20, 737–746. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2014.03.088

Hossain, N., & Mahmud, L. (2019). Experimental Investigation of Water Quality and Inorganic Solids in Malaysian Urban Lake, Taman Tasik Medan Idaman. Lakes & Reservoirs: Science, Policy and Management for Sustainable Use, 24(2), 107–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12259

Kazemi, E., Karyab, H., & Emamjome, M.-M. (2017). Optimization of interpolation method for nitrate pollution in groundwater and assessing vulnerability with IPNOA and IPNOC method in Qazvin plain. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 15(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40201-017-0287-x

Khatri, N., & Tyagi, S. (2015). Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas. Frontiers in Life Science, 8(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/21553769.2014.933716

Listiani. (2005). Institutional aspects of lake management: a case study of Rawa Besar lake management in Depok city [Universitas Indonesia]. http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=pdf/abstrak-99764.pdf [In Bahasa Indonesia]

Liu, Y., Zhu, Y., Qiao, X., Zheng, B., Chang, S., & Fu, Q. (2018). Investigation of nitrogen and phosphorus contents in water in the tributaries of Danjiangkou Reservoir. Royal Society Open Science, 5(1), 170624. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170624

Matisoff, G., Watson, S. B., Guo, J., Duewiger, A., & Steely, R. (2017). Sediment and nutrient distribution and resuspension in Lake Winnipeg. Science of The Total Environment, 575, 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.227

Mir, S. I., Ismail, B. S., & Tayeb, M. A. (2016). Hydrology and sediment loading in a degrading natural lake system in Malaysia. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(3), 231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5006-2

Nasrabadi, T., Ruegner, H., Sirdari, Z. Z., Schwientek, M., & Grathwohl, P. (2016). Using total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity as proxies for evaluation of metal transport in river water. Applied Geochemistry, 68, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2016.03.003

Norris, B., & Laws, E. A. (2017). Nutrients and Phytoplankton in a Shallow, Hypereutrophic Urban Lake: Prospects for Restoration. Water, 9(6), 431. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060431

Persson, J. (2012). Urban Lakes And Ponds. In L. Bengtsson, R. W. Hirschy, & R. W. Fairbridge (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Lakes and Reservoirs (pp. 836–839). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4410-6_15

Phu, S. T. P. (2014). Research on the Correlation Between Chlorophyll-a and Organic Matter BOD, COD, Phosphorus, and Total Nitrogen in Stagnant Lake Basins BT - Sustainable Living with Environmental Risks (N. Kaneko, S. Yoshiura, & M. Kobayashi (eds.); pp. 177–191). Springer Japan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54804-1_15

Retnawati, D. N. (2003). Macrozoobenthos Community Structure and Several Physical-Chemical Parameters of Situ Rawa Besar Waters, Depok, West Java [IPB University]. https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/21383 [In Bahasa Indonesia]

Rügner, H., Schwientek, M., Beckingham, B., Kuch, B., & Grathwohl, P. (2013). Turbidity as a proxy for total suspended solids (TSS) and particle facilitated pollutant transport in catchments. Environmental Earth Sciences, 69(2), 373–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2307-1

Saraswati, R., Bahaudin, C., Sitanala, F., Sukanta, D., & Haryoto, S. (2003). Utilization of Satellite Imagery for Monitoring of Built Area in Lake Area and Its Effect on Lake Function in Depok. Jurnal Geografi, 5(January), 38–48.

Sari, A., Tuwo, A., Rani, C., & Saru, A. (2020). Water quality study and pollution index based on Physicschemical parameters in the Youtefa Bay tourism area, Jayapura. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 564, 012030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/564/1/012030

Susilowati, W. (2004). Impact of land use change in the water quality of Rawa Besar Lake [Universitas Indonesia]. http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=pdf/abstrak-74145.pdf [In Bahasa Indonesia]

State Secretary of the Indonesian Republic, 2001. Government Regulation Number 82 (2001): Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control, State Gazette of Indonesian Republic, Number 153, Jakarta, State Secretariat of Indonesian Republic, p.34 [In Bahasa Indonesia]

Sutjiningsih, D. (2017). Water Quality Index for Determining the Development Threshold of Urbanized Catchment Area in Indonesia. International Journal of Technology; Vol 8, No 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.14716%2Fijtech.v8i1.3971

Tallar, R. Y., & Suen, J.-P. (2015). Identification of waterbody status in Indonesia by using predictive index assessment tool. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 3(3), 224–238. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.06.009

Weerasinghe, V. P. A., & Handapangoda, K. (2019). Surface water quality analysis of an urban lake; East Beira, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 12, 100249.

https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2019.100249

Williams, P., Whitfield, M., Biggs, J., Bray, S., Fox, G., Nicolet, P., & Sear, D. (2004). Comparative biodiversity of rivers, streams, ditches and ponds in an agricultural landscape in Southern England. Biological Conservation, 115(2), 329–341. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00153-8

Xu, Z., & Xu, Y. J. (2014). Rapid field estimation of biochemical oxygen demand in a subtropical eutrophic urban lake with chlorophyll a fluorescence. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(1), 4171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4171-1

Yan, M., & Kahawita, R. (2006). Modeling Spatial and Temporal Variation of a Pollutant in Water Environment Using the Cubic Spline Scheme. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 18(6), 688–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6058(07)60008-0

Yang, K., Luo, Y., Chen, K., Yang, Y., Shang, C., Yu, Z., Xu, J., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Spatial–temporal variations in urbanization in Kunming and their impact on urban lake water quality. Land Degradation & Development, 31(11), 1392–1407. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3543



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.60420

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 3045 | views : 1476

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2021 Kuswantoro Marko, Mangapul Parlindungan Tambunan, Ratna Saraswati, Rokhmatuloh Rokhmatuloh, Revi Hernina

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Accredited Journal, Based on Decree of the Minister of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia Number 225/E/KPT/2022, Vol 54 No 1 the Year 2022 - Vol 58 No 2 the Year 2026 (accreditation certificate download)

ISSN 2354-9114 (online), ISSN 0024-9521 (print)

Web Analytics IJG STATISTIC