* Corresponding Author
Tipologi dan Kerawanan Korupsi Sektor Kehutanan di Indonesia
https://doi.org/10.22146/jik.28278 Eko Novi Setiawan(1*), Ahmad Maryudi(2), Gabriel Lele(3)
(1) Ditjen Penegakan Hukum, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, Jl. Gatot Subroto, Senayan, Jakarta 10207
(2) Departemen Manajemen Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No. 1, Bulaksumur, Sleman, 55281
(3) Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Sosio Yustitia, Bulaksumur, Sleman, 55281
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Diindikasikan bahwa tingginya laju kerusakan hutan di Indonesia ada kaitannya dengan tingkat korupsi yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi tipologi dan kerawanan korupsi sektor kehutanan di Indonesia. Sejak tahun 2001 sampai dengan 2015, sebanyak 39 pelaku korupsi sektor kehutanan yang terdiri dari anggota DPR, pejabat Kementerian Kehutanan, Kepala Daerah (Gubernur/Bupati/Kepala Dinas) serta pengusaha, telah diproses hukum dan mendapatkan vonis dari pengadilan. Terdapat 6 (enam) tipologi korupsi sektor kehutanan di Indonesia yaitu: 1) korupsi transaksional, 2) pemerasan, 3) investasi untuk korupsi, 4) nepotisme, 5) korupsi untuk bertahan, dan 6) korupsi untuk mendapatkan dukungan. Penelitian ini menemukan 4 bentuk kerawanan korupsi sektor kehutanan yaitu: 1) proses perijinan, 2) pengawasan 3) proses tata ruang kehutanan, dan 4) pengadaan barang dan jasa kehutanan.
Kata kunci: deforestasi; kehutanan Indonesia; kerawanan korupsi; korupsi; tipologi korupsi
The Typology and Corruption Susceptibility in Forestry Sector in Indonesia
Abstract
It is widely indicated that the high rates of deforestation in Indonesia are closely linked with the high corruption. This research aimed to identify the typologies and the potential of occurence of corruption in the forest sector in Indonesia. From 2001 to 2015, thirty nine corruptors have been brought to the courts and eventually sentenced. They included parliament members, high-rank forest officials, local government (Governor/Mayor/Chief of District Forest Service), and business persons. This research found six typologies of corruption in the forest sector in Indonesia, i.e. 1) transactive corruption, 2) extortive corruption, 3) investive corruption, 4) nepotistic corruption), 5) defensive corruption, and 6) supportive corruption. It also identified four forest activities that potentially encourage corruption, i.e. 1) licensing, 2) monitoring, 3) spatial planning, and 4) public procurement.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Alatas SH. 1990. Corruption: Its nature, causes, and functions. Avebury.
Angelsen A. 2010. Mewujudkan REDD+: Strategi Nasional dan berbagai pilihan kebijakan. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor.
Atkinson P, Hammersley M. 1994. Ethnography and participant observation. Handbook of Qualitative Research 1(23):248-261
Barr C, Dermawan A, Purnomo H, Komarudin H. 2011. Tata kelola keuangan dan Dana Reboisasi selama periode Soeharto dan pasca Soeharto, 1989-2009. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor.
Basyaib H, Holloway R, Makarim NA. 2002. Mencuri uang rakyat: 16 kajian korupsi di Indonesia. Buku 1: Pesta tentara, hakim, bankir, pegawai negeri. Aksara Foundation, Jakarta. http://www.kemitraan.or.id/sites/default/files/Mencuri Uang Rakyat 2.pdf. Diakses Maret
2017.
Buehler M. 2012. Public procurement reform in Indonesian provinces and districts: The historical institutional context and lessons learned from analytical work. WBOJ, Jakarta. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/305682995 Public Procurement Reform in
Indonesia Provinces and Districts The Historical Institutional Context and Lessons Learned from ANalitycal Work Jakarta WBOJ. Diakses Maret 2017.
Caesar A, Yuntho E, Easter L. 2016. Memberantas korupsi menyelamatkan uang negara. Indonesia Corruption Watch dan Indonesia Legal Resource Centre, Jakarta.
Callister DJ. 1999. Corrupt and illegal activities in the forestry sector: Current understandings and implications for World Bank Forest Policy. Draft for discussion.
Cole FL. 1988. Content analysis: Process and application. Clinical Nurse Specialist 2(1):53–57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3349413. Diakses Desember 2016.
Contreras-Hermosilla A. 2000. The underlying causes of forest decline. Center for International Forestry Research 62(30): 1–29.
Dermawan A, Petkova E, Sinaga A, Muhajir M, Indriatmoko Y. 2011. Mencegah risiko korupsi pada REDD+ di Indonesia. Laporan Ringkas. UNOD and CIFOR.
Detiknews. 2015. Gubernur Riau Nonaktif Annas Mamun Divonis 6 Tahun Penjara. Detiknews. http://news.detik.com/berita/2950952/gubernur-riau-nonaktif-annas-mamun-divonis-6-tahun-penjara. Diakses Februari 2017.
Elo S, Kyngäs H. 2008.The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing 62(1): 107–115.
FAO. 2001. The state of the world’s forests 2001. Chapter: Illegal activities and corruption in the forest sector. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/003/yo900e/yo900e02.pdf.
Hansen M, et al. 2013. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 342(6160): 850–853. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 24233722.
Hansen M, Stehman S, Potapov P, Arunarwati B, Stolle F, Pittman K. 2009. Quantifying changes in the rates of forest clearing in Indonesia from 1990 to 2005 using remotely sensed data sets. Environmental Research Letters 4(3): 034001.
Hartoyo D. 2011. Panduan audit investigatif korupsi di bidang kehutanan. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor.
Hsieh H-F, Shannon SE. 2005. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research 15(9): 1277–1288.
Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW). 2014. Regulasi membawa korupsi: Eksaminasi publik (Public Review) terhadap Peraturan Pemerintah Tentang Tata Hutan dan Penyusunan Pengelolaan Hutan serta Pemanfaatan Hutan (PP No. 6 Tahun 2007 Jo PP No.3 Tahun 2008). Dalam Kartodihardjo H et al. editor. Jakarta: Indonesia Corruption Watch. http://www.antikorupsi.org/sites/antikorupsi.org/files/doc/Eksaminasi Publik/regulasi-membawa-korupsi.pdf. Diakses Maret 2017.
Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW). 2016. Korupsi sektor pertambangan. Indonesia Corruption Watch. http://www.antikorupsi.org/id/content/korupsi-sektorpertambangan. Diakses Februari 2017.
Klitgaard R. 1988. Controlling corruption. University of California Press, California.
Koyuncu C, Yilmaz R. 2009. The impact of corruption on deforestatiom: A cross-country evidence. The Journal of Developing Areas 42(2): 213–222.
Krippendorff K. 1991. Analisis isi: Pengantar teori dan metodologi. Rajawali Pers, Jakarta.
Lambsdorff JG. 2003. How corruption affects productivity. Kyklos 56(4): 457–474.
Liputan 6. 2007. Waskito divonis 30 bulan penjara - News Liputan6.com. Liputan 6. http://news.liputan6.com/read/147815/waskito-divonis-30-bulan-penjara. Diakses Maret 2017.
Maryudi A. 2011. Forest matters: Analysis on the contemporary forest- and forest-related policy in Indonesia. Optimus Verlag, Goettingen, Germany.
Maryudi A. 2015. The political economy of forest land-use, the timber sector, and forest certification. Dalam Romero et al., editor. The context of natural forest management and FSC certification In Indonesia. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor
Maryudi A. 2015b. Rejim politik kehutanan internasional. UGM Press, Yogyakarta
Maryudi A. 2016. Choosing legality verification as a policy instrument to tackle illegal logging in Indonesia. Forest Policy and Economics 68:99-104.
Maryudi A, Citraningtyas ER, Purwanto RH, Sadono R, Suryanto P, Riyanto S, Siswoko BD. 2016. The emerging power of peasant farmers and their coalition networks in the uses of state forestland Central Java, Indonesia. Forest Policy and Economics 67:70-75.
Maryudi A, Krott M. 2012. Local struggle for accessing state forest property in a montane forest village in Java, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Development 5(7): 62-68.
Mery G, Katila P, Galloway G, Alfaro RI, Kanninen M, Lobovikov M, Varjo J. 2010. Forests and society – Responding to global drivers of change. IUFRO World Series Volume 25, Vienna.
Murdiyarso D, Lebel L. 2007. Local to global perspectives on forest and land fires in Southeast Asia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 12(1): 3–11.
Narendra B. 2009. Alih fungsi (konversi) kawasan hutan Indonesia: Tinjauan aspek hidrologi dan konservasi tanah. Prosiding fungsi kawasan hutan. Balai Kehutanan Mataram.
Niskanen W. 1971. Bureaucracy and Representative Government. Aldine Transaction, London, 978-0-202-30959-0.
Nye JS. 1967. Corruption and political development: A cost-benefit analysis. The American Political Science Review 61(2): 417–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1953254.
Prabowo D, Maryudi A, Senawi, Imron MA. 2017. Conversion of forests into oil palm plantations in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Insights from actors’ power and its dynamics. Forest Policy and Economics 78:32-39
Peters BG. 2001. The politics of bureaucracy. Fifth edition, Routledge.
Sahide MAK, Maryudi A, Supratman S, Giessen L. 2016a. Is Indonesia utilising its international partners? The driving forces behind Forest Management Units. Forest Policy and Economics 69:11-20.
Sahide MAK, Supratman S, Maryudi A, Kim Y-S, Giessen L. 2016b. Decentralisation policy as recentralisation strategy: forest management units and community forestry in Indonesia. International Forestry Review 18(1): 78-95.
Setiawan EN, Maryudi A, Purwanto RH, Lele G. 2016. Opposing interests in the legalization of non-procedural forest conversion to oil palm in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Land Use Policy 58: 472–481
Smith J, Obidzki K, Subarudi, Suramenggala I. 2003. Illegal logging, collusive corruption and fragmented governments in Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Forestry Review 5(3): 293–302.
Spelt N, Berge B. 1993. Pengantar hukum perizinan. Hadjon PM, editor. Yuridika, Surabaya.
Steni B. 2016. Membedah UU Pemerintahan Daerah yang baru: Apa yang baru dalam pembagian urusan dan kewenangan pusat-daerah di bidang sumber daya alam? Jakarta.
Suryadarma D. 2012. How corruption diminishes the effectiveness of public spending on education in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 48(1): 85–100.
Tacconi L, Downs F, Larmour P. 2010. Berbagai kebijakan antikorupsi di sektor kehutanan dan REDD+. Dalam Angelsen A et al., editor. Mewujudkan REDD+: Strategi Nasional dan berbagai pilihan kebijakan. Center for International Forestry Research. Bogor.
Tanzi V. 1998. Corruption around the world - Causes, consequences, scope, and cures. International Monetary Fund - Staff Papers 45(4): 559–594.
Tempo.co. 2012. Duit perusahaan Hartati untuk Pilkada Bupati Buol. Tempo.co. http://m.tempo.co/read/news/2012/07/11/063416357/duit-perusahaan-hartati-untuk-pilkada-bupati-buol. Diakses Maret 2017.
Tempo.co. 2014. Hakim vonis Anggoro Widjojo lima tahun penjara. Tempo.co. http://m.tempo.co/read/news/2014/07/02/078589842/hakim-vonis-anggoro-widjojo-lima-tahun-penjara. Diakses Februari, 2017.
Transparency International Indonesia (TII). 2014a. Izin pemanfaatan hutan jadi celah korupsi. Transparency International Indonesia. http://www.ti.or.id/index.php/news/2014/11/24/izin-pemanfaatan-hutan-jadi-celah-korupsi. Diakses Maret 2017.
Transparency International Indonesia (TII). 2014b. Risiko korupsi perizinan sektor kehutanan: Studi kasus di Provinsi Jambi. http://www.ti.or.id/publikasi/program/forestry/policy brief bahasa.pdf. Diakses Maret 2017.
Umar B, Surono W, Iriawan A, Pasliadji A, Adnan, Dianti F, Subagyo R. 2011. Hasil eksaminasi publik terhadap penghentian penyidikan (SP3) atas 14 Perusahaan IUPHHKHT di Provinsi Riau. Jakarta. http://www.antikorupsi.org/sites/antikorupsi.org/files/doc/Eksaminasi Publik/hasileksaminasipubliksp3kehutananriau.pdf. Diakses Maret 2017.
van Evera. 2007. Guide to methods for student of political science. Cornell University Press, New York, 978-0-8014-8457-5.
Vargas-Hernández JG. 2011. The multiple face of corruption: Typology, forms dan levels. Contemporary Legal and Economic Issues 3: 269–290.
World Bank. 1997. Helping countries combat corruption: The role of the World Bank. http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/anticorrupt/corruptn/corrptn.pdf. Diakses Februari, 2017.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jik.28278
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 8689
| 
views : 6870
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2017 Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
© Editorial Board Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan
Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Building D 2nd floor
Jl. Agro No 1, Bulaksumur, Sleman 55281
Phone. +62-274-512102, +62-274-550541, +62-274-6491420
Fax. +62-274-550541 E-mail : jik@ugm.ac.id
former website : jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jikfkt/
new website : jurnal.ugm.ac.id/v3/jik/
Indexed by:
Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan is under the license of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
