HEALTH SECTOR CORRUPTION AS THE ARCHENEMY OF UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE IN INDONESIA

https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.17637

Ratna Juwita(1*)

(1) Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta,
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Abstract

This article argues that health sector corruption is a direct threat towards universal health care in Indonesia. Three Indonesian legal cases of health sector corruption are selected to exemplify the reality of health sector corruption and it’s detrimental effect to the realization of the right to health. This article emphasizes that corruption causes misallocation and embezzlement of the fund that hampers the State party to optimally provide universal health care for the people. This article suggests that in order to establish quality and sustainable universal health care as an instrument for the realization of the right to health, the State party has to prioritize on the elimination of health sector corruption.

Keywords: corruption, Indonesia, right to health, health care.

Intisari

Artikel ini membahas perihal korupsi di sektor kesehatan yang merupakan ancaman bagi perlindungan kesehatan universal di Indonesia. Tiga kasus hukum mengenai korupsi di sektor kesehatan dipilih untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai korupsi di sektor kesehatan dan dampak negatifnya terhadap realisasi hak atas kesehatan. Artikel ini menekankan bahwa korupsi menyebabkan misalokasi dan penggelapan dana yang menghambat Negara pihak dalam penyediaan pelayanan kesehatan yang optimal bagi semua orang. Artikel ini menyarankan bahwa dalam rangka untuk menyelenggarakan perlindungan kesehatan universal yang berkualitas dan berkelanjutan sebagai instrumen untuk merealisasikan hak atas kesehatan, Negara pihak harus memprioritaskan pemberantasan korupsi di sektor kesehatan.

Kata kunci: korupsi, Indonesia, hak atas kesehatan, perlindungan kesehatan.


Keywords


korupsi, Indonesia, hak atas kesehatan, perlindungan kesehatan,corruption, Indonesia, right to health, health care.

Full Text:

PDF


References

Bibliography Treaties United Nations General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN GA Resolution 217 (III), 3rd Session, Supp. No. 13, UN Doc A/810, 1948, 71. Inter –American Convention against Corruption, 29 March 1996. ICESCR, 993 United Nations Treaty Series 3, 16 December 1966. European Union, Convention Drawn Up on the Basis of Article K of the Treaty of the European Union on the Protection of the European Communities’ Financial Interests, ETS 2007, No. 166, 26 July 1995. European Union, Protocol I to the Convention on the Protection of the European Communities’ Financial Interests, ETS 2007, No. 169, 27 September 1996. European Union, Protocol II to the Convention on the Protection of the European Communities’ Financial Interests, ETS 2010, No. 8, 19 June 1997. European Union, Convention on the Fight against Corruption involving Officials of the European Communities or Officials of the Member States of the European Union, Official Journal C 195/1, 26 May 1997. Council of Europe, Criminal Law Convention on Corruption, CETS No: 173, 2216 UNTS 225, 27 January 1999. Council of Europe, Civil Law Convention on Corruption, CETS No: 174, 2246 UNTS 3, 4 November 1999. United Nations, United Nations Convention Against Corruption, 2349 UNTS 41, Doc. A/58/422, 2003. Additional Protocol to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption, CETS No: 191, 2466 UNTS 168, 15 May 2003. United Nations Documents The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Comm ESCR), General Comment number 14 concerning the Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, Article 12, adopted at the Twenty-second Session of the Committee, 11 August 2000. The Comm ESCR, General Comment number 3, the Nature of States Parties’ Obligations, Fifth Session (1990), U. N. Doc. E/1991/21, Annex III at 86 (1991), reprinted in Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, U. N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.6 at 14, 2003. Koffi Annan, Foreword for the United Nations Convention Against Corruption, General Assembly Resolution 58/4 of 31 October 2003. The Comm ESCR, Concluding Observations on Initial Report of Indonesia, E/C.12/IDN/CO/1 19 June 2014. National Laws Pancasila, grundnorm. Undang-undang Dasar Republik Indonesia, 1945. The Law number 20 of 2001 concerning anti corruption Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4150. The Law number 40 of 2004, Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2004 Nomor 150 concerning the National Social Security System. The Law number 11 of 2005, Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2005 Nomor 118 concerning the Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Putusan No. 607/Pid.B/2010/PN.Cbd, 16 February 2011. Putusan No. 02/Pid. Sus/2012/P.TIPIKOR-BNA, 4 Juni 2012. Putusan Nomor 10/Pid.Sus/Tipikor/2014/PN.PBR, 13 Juni 2014. Books A. Manfroni, Carlos, 2003, The Inter-American Convention against Corruption, A Commentary, Lexington Books, Maryland. Anne M. Cohler, et al., 1989, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thoughts, Montesquieu, the Spirit of Laws, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Craven, Matthew, 1998, The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, A Perspective on Its Development, Oxford University Pres, New York. Martin, Brian, 1998, Information Liberation, Challenging the Corruptions of Information Power, Freedom Press, London. Palmer, Ellie, 2007, Human Rights in Perspective: Judicial Review, Socio-Economic Rights and the Human Rights Act, Hart Publishing, Oxford. Ruzindana, Augustine, “The Importance of Leadership in Fighting Corruption in Uganda”, in Kimberly Ann Elliott, 1997, Corruption and Global Economy, Institute for International Economics, Washington D. C. Tomuschat, Christian, 2008, Human Rights: Between Idealism and Realism, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, New York. World Bank, 2005, Helping Countries Combat Corruption, The Role of the World Bank, 1995-2005, World Bank, Washington D. C. WHO, 2008, WHO Country Cooperation Strategy, Indonesia, WHO, New Delhi. World Health Organization, 2013, Research for Universal Health Coverage, The World Health Report 2013, World Health Organization, Geneva. Journals Akçay, Selçuk, “Corruption and Human Development”, Cato Journal, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2006. Alford, Roger P., “A Broken Window Theory of International Corruption”, Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 73, Issue 5, 2012. Barr, Joshua V. et al., “A Legal Perspective on the Use of Models in the Fight Against Corruption”, South Carolina Journal of International Law and Business, Vol. 8, Issue 2, 2012. Braveman, Paula, “Social Conditions, Health Equity and Human Rights”, Health and Human Rights Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2010. Burke, Roland, “Some Rights Are More Equal Than Others: The Third World and the Transformation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”, Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarian and Development, Vol. 3, Issue 3, 2012. Butt, Simon, “Indonesia’s Anti-Corruption Drive and the Constitutional Court”, Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2010. Cassing, James, “Indonesia in Transition: Will Economic Prosperity Accompany Democracy”, Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. IX, Issue I, Spring 2002. O’Neill, Kathryn, “Monitoring Service Delivery for Universal Health Coverage: the Service Availibility and Readiness Assessment”, Bull World Health Organ, Vol. 91, 2013. Jacobs, Leslie Gielow and Wagner, Benjamin B., “Limits to the Independent Anti-Corruption Commission Model of Corruption Reform: Lessons from Indonesia”, Global Business and Development Law Journal, Vol. 20, 2007. Doebbler, Curtin Francis, “The Right to Health of Children and the World Bank”, Health and Human Rights Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2001. Duger, Angela, “Focusing on Prevention: The Social and Economic Rights of Children Vulnerable to Sex Trafficking”, Health and Human Rights Law Journal, Vol. 17, Issue 1, 2015. Gloppen, Siri, “Litigation as A Strategy to Hold Government Accountable for Implementing the Right to Health”, Health and Human Rights Journal, Vol. 10, Issue 2, 2008. Hosen, Nadisyah, “The Habibie Government and the Law on Eradication of Corruption in Indonesia”, European Journal of Law Reform, Vol. V, Issue 1/2, 2003. International Commission of Jurists, “Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1987/17”, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 9, 1987. International Commission of Jurists, “Maastricht Guidelines on Violation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 20, Issue 3, 1998. King, Dwight “Corruption in Indonesia: A Curable Cancer?”, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 53, Issue 2, 2002. Kumar, C. Raj, “Corruption and Human Rights: Promoting Transparency in Governance and the Fundamental Rights of Corruption-Free Service in India”, Columbia Journal of Asian Law, Vol. 17, Issue 1, 2003-2004. Kumar, C. Raj, “Human Rights Approaches to Corruption Control Mechanisms-Enhancing the Hong Kong Experience of Corruption Prevention Strategies”, San Diego International Law Journal, Vol. 5, 2004. Lee, Edward, “Universal Access to Health Care”, Harvard Law Review, Vol. 108, 1995. Levinson, Jared, “Indonesian’s Odyssey: A Nation’s Long, Perilous Journey to the Rule of Law and Democracy”, Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 18, Issue 1, 2001. Mayhew, Sussanah et al, “Balancing Protection and Pragmatism: A Framework for NGO Accountability in Rights-Based Approaches”, Health and Human Rights Journal, Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2006. Perry, Donna J. et al., “The Right to Life in Peace: An Essential Condition for Realizing the Right to Health”, Health and Human Rights Journal, Vol. 17, Issue 1, 2015. Rajagopal, Balakhrisnan, “Corruption, Legitimacy and Human Rights: the Dialectic Relationship”, Connecticut Journal of International Law, Vol. 14, 1999. Sornarajah, M., “South East Asia and International Law”, Singapore Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 2, 1997. Shah, Raaj, “Corruption Across Countries and Regions: Some Consequences of Local Osmosis”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 31, 2007. Toebes, Brigit, “The Right to Health and the Privatization of National Health Systems: A Case Study of the Netherlands”, Health and Human Rights Journal, Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2006. Treismann, Daniel, “The Causes of Corruption: A Cross National Study”, Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 76, 2000. Tyler, Elizabeth Tobin, “”Small Places Close to Home”: Toward A Health and Human Rights Strategy for the U. S.”, Health and Human Rights Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2013. Vian, Taryn et al, “Barriers to Universal Health Coverage in Republic Moldova: A Policy Analysis of Formal and Informal Out of Pocket Payments”, BMC Health Services Research, Vol. 15, 2015. Yamin, Alicia Ely, “Shades of Dignity: Exploring the Demands of Equality in Applying Human Rights Frameworks to Health”, Health and Human Rights Journal, Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2009. Reports Goodwin, Morag and Sender, Kate Rose, December 2009, The Human Right to be Free of Corruption: A Dangerous Addition to the Development Discourse, Working Paper, Faculty of Law, Maastricht. Thematic Group on Health for All, 24 February 2015, Financing Universal Health Coverage in the Post-2015 Agenda, Issue Brief. Toebes, Brigit, 28-29 July 2007, The Impacts of Acts of Corruption on the Enjoyment of the Right to Health, Review Meeting, Corruption and Human Rights, the International Council on Human Rights Policy, Geneva. World Bank, 2003, Combating Corruption in Indonesia, Enhancing Accountability for Development. Websites Haydock, Ian, “Asian Beat:Political Breathrough Edges Indonesia Closer to Universal Health Care”, Pharma Share (24 August 2011), http://www.pharma-share.com/asia-beat-political-breakthrough-edges-indonesia-closer-universal-care, accessed 1 January 2016; Jakarta Post, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/10/13/govt-provide-universal-health-coverage-all.html 13 October 2016, accessed 1 January 2016. Jakarta Post, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/11/kpk-monitor-bpjs-funds.html accessed 26th January 2016. Sustainable Development Goals. Available at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals accessed 26 January 2016. Transparency International, Corruption Perception Index 2015, www.transparency.org, accessed 1 January 2016. Transparency International, http://www.transparency.org/cpi2015 accessed 26th January 2016. United Nations Treaty Series, Indonesia ratified ICESCR, https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en accessed 26 January 2016. United Nations, United Nations Treaty Series, Indonesia ratification of UNCAC, https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-14&chapter=18&lang=en accessed 26th January 2016.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.17637

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 4292 | views : 6245

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2017 Ratna Juwita

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Mimbar Hukum Indexed by:

DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journal) Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE) COREWorldCatLIVIVOCopac JISTHarvard LibraryElectronic Journals LibraryColumbia University LibrariesLeiden University LibrariesUniversity of Saskatchewan-CanadaGent University LibraryWestern Theological SeminaryUniversity of OxfordThe University of SheffieldThe University of Manchester Toronto Public LibraryEbsco  

Member of :

Crossref


MIMBAR HUKUM ISSN: 0852-100X(print), ISSN: 2443-0994(online)