Telehealth Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis
Keywords:
Telehealth, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Asian Country, Glycaemic Control.
Abstract
Telehealth has emerged as a promising approach, utilizing technology to enhance diabetes care by facilitating remote monitoring, education, and consultation. However, there remains a need for comprehensive evidence synthesis, particularly focusing on Asia countries, to evaluate the effectiveness of telemedicine in improving outcomes for T2D patients in diverse healthcare settings. This aim of study is to review and analyse the effect of telehealth on type 2 diabetes (T2D) using a systematic review and meta-analysis. We performed a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and ProQuest databases from their encryption until May 31, 2024. The retrieved literature was screened and assessed independently by two authors. We used the risk of bias assessment tool by The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) for Systematic Reviews for assessing literature quality and RevMan 5.3 software to conduct the meta-analysis. Thirteen articles were included in this study. The result of the systematic review indicated. A total of 13 articles were included in this study. Analysis showed a reduction in HbA1c at 3-, 6-, and 12- months. Other subgroup analysis, such as fasting blood glucose at 12 months, systolic blood pressure at 12 months, and diastolic blood pressure at 12 months show significant reduction. Telehealth intervention may improve glycemic control.
References
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Ma, Y., Zhao, C., Zhao, Y., Lu, J., Jiang, H., Cao, Y., & Xu, Y. (2022). Telemedicine application in patients with chronic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 22(1), 105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-01845-2
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Shan, R., Sarkar, S., & Martin, S. S. (2019). Digital health technology and mobile devices for the management of diabetes mellitus: State of the art. Diabetologia, 62(6), 877–887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-4864-7
Sherwani, S. I., Khan, H. A., Ekhzaimy, A., Masood, A., & Sakharkar, M. K. (2016). Significance of HbA1c Test in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diabetic Patients. Biomarker Insights, 11, BMI.S38440. https://doi.org/10.4137/BMI.S38440
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Sotomayor, F., Hernandez, R., Malek, R., Parimi, N., & Spanakis, E. K. (2023). The Effect of Telemedicine in Glycemic Control in Adult Patients with Diabetes during the COVID-19 Era—A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(17), 5673. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175673
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Balestra, M. (2018). Telehealth and Legal Implications for Nurse Practitioners. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 14(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2017.10.003
Blandford, A., Wesson, J., Amalberti, R., AlHazme, R., & Allwihan, R. (2020). Opportunities and challenges for telehealth within, and beyond, a pandemic. The Lancet Global Health, 8(11), e1364–e1365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30362-4
Casas, L. A., Alarcón, J., Urbano, A., Peña-Zárate, E. E., Sangiovanni, S., Libreros-Peña, L., & Escobar, M. F. (2023). Telemedicine for the management of diabetic patients in a high-complexity Latin American hospital. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1), 314. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09267-0
Clemensen, J., Larsen, S. B., Kirkevold, M., & Ejskjaer, N. (2008). Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers in the Home: Video Consultations as an Alternative to Outpatient Hospital Care. International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications, 2008, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/132890
Custodio, R., Victorino, J. N., & Justina Estuar, M. R. (2018). The efficacy of an EMR-enabled text messaging system to the expanded health beliefs, diabetes care profile and HbA1c of diabetes mellitus patients. Procedia Computer Science, 138, 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.021
Daly, A., & Hovorka, R. (2021). Technology in the management of type 2 diabetes: Present status and future prospects. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 23(8), 1722–1732. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14418
Doupis, J., Alexandrides, T., Elisaf, M., Melidonis, A., Bousboulas, S., Thanopoulou, A., Pagkalos, E. M., Avramidis, I., Pappas, A., Arvaniti, E., Karamousouli, E., Voss, B., & Tentolouris, N. (2019). Influence of Supervised Disease Understanding and Diabetes Self-Management on Adherence to Oral Glucose-Lowering Treatment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Therapy, 10(4), 1407–1422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-019-0648-9
Eberle, C., & Stichling, S. (2021). Clinical Improvements by Telemedicine Interventions Managing Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Meta-review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(2), e23244. https://doi.org/10.2196/23244
Edirippulige, S., & Armfield, N. (2017). Education and training to support the use of clinical telehealth: A review of the literature. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 23(2), 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X16632968
Ellahham, S. (2020). Artificial Intelligence: The Future for Diabetes Care. The American Journal of Medicine, 133(8), 895–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.03.033
Flodgren, G., Rachas, A., Farmer, A. J., Inzitari, M., & Shepperd, S. (2015). Interactive telemedicine: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002098.pub2
Fraiche, A. M., Eapen, Z. J., & McClellan, M. B. (2017). Moving Beyond the Walls of the Clinic. JACC: Heart Failure, 5(4), 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2016.11.013
Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K. B., Ostolaza, H., & Martín, C. (2020). Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(17), 6275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176275
Ghosh, A., Gupta, R., & Misra, A. (2020). Telemedicine for diabetes care in India during COVID19 pandemic and national lockdown period: Guidelines for physicians. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(4), 273–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.001
Gupta, U., Gupta, Y., Jose, D., Mani, K., Jyotsna, V. P., Sharma, G., & Tandon, N. (2020). Effectiveness of a Video-Based Lifestyle Education Program Compared to Usual Care in Improving HbA1c and Other Metabolic Parameters in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: An Open-Label Parallel Arm Randomized Control Trial (RCT). Diabetes Therapy, 11(3), 667–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-020-00769-2
Han, C.-Y., Zhang, J., Ye, X.-M., Lu, J.-P., Jin, H.-Y., Xu, W.-W., Wang, P., & Zhang, M. (2023). Telemedicine-assisted structured self-monitoring of blood glucose in management of T2DM results of a randomized clinical trial. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 23(1), 182. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-023-02283-4
Hanafi, A. S., Sitorus, N., Simbolon, D., & Martina, M. (2020). Joint effect of high blood pressure and physical inactive on diabetes mellitus: A population-based crosssectional survey. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, E614 Pages. https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.4.1406
Hoda, F., Arshad, M., Khan, M. A., Kohli, S., Kareem, S., Akhtar, M., & Najmi, A. K. (2023). Impact of a mHealth Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine, 5(1), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-023-01564-3
Huang, E. S., Sinclair, A., Conlin, P. R., Cukierman-Yaffe, T., Hirsch, I. B., Huisingh-Scheetz, M., Kahkoska, A. R., Laffel, L., Lee, A. K., Lee, S., Lipska, K., Meneilly, G., Pandya, N., Peek, M. E., Peters, A., Pratley, R. E., Sherifali, D., Toschi, E., Umpierrez, G., … Munshi, M. (2023). The Growing Role of Technology in the Care of Older Adults With Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 46(8), 1455–1463. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci23-0021
Jia, W., Zhang, P., Zhu, D., Duolikun, N., Li, H., Bao, Y., Li, X., & for the ROADMAP Study Group. (2021). Evaluation of an mHealth-enabled hierarchical diabetes management intervention in primary care in China (ROADMAP): A cluster randomized trial. PLOS Medicine, 18(9), e1003754. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003754
Khan, M. A., Shah, S., Grudzien, A., Onyejekwe, N., Banskota, P., Karim, S., Jin, J., Kim, Y., & Gerber, B. S. (2011). A diabetes education multimedia program in the waiting room setting. Diabetes Therapy, 2(3), 178–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-011-0007-y
Ma, Y., Zhao, C., Zhao, Y., Lu, J., Jiang, H., Cao, Y., & Xu, Y. (2022). Telemedicine application in patients with chronic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 22(1), 105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-01845-2
Magliano, D., & Boyko, E. J. (2021). IDF diabetes atlas (10th edition). International Diabetes Federation.
Marini, B. L., Funk, K., Kraft, M. D., Fong, J. M., Naanos, R., Stout, S. M., & Wagner, D. (2014). The effects of an informational video on patient knowledge, satisfaction and compliance with venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: A pilot study. Patient Education and Counseling, 96(2), 264–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2014.05.008
Maslakpak, M., Razmara, S., & Niazkhani, Z. (2017). Effects of Face-to-Face and Telephone-Based Family-Oriented Education on Self-Care Behavior and Patient Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2017, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8404328
Molavynejad, S., Miladinia, M., & Jahangiri, M. (2022). A randomized trial of comparing video telecare education vs. in-person education on dietary regimen compliance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A support for clinical telehealth Providers. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 22(1), 116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-022-01032-4
Mori, H., Taniguchi, S., Tamaki, Y., Tamaki, M., Akehi, Y., Kuroda, A., & Matsuhisa, M. (2024). Telenutrition Education Is Effective for Glycemic Management in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Non-Inferiority Randomized Controlled Trial in Japan. Nutrients, 16(2), 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020268
Nogueira, P. C., De Carvalho Nagliate, P., De Godoy, S., Rangel, E. M. L., Trevizan, M. A., & Mendes, I. A. C. (2013). Technology use for health education to caregivers: An integrative review of nursing literature. Applied Nursing Research, 26(3), 101–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2013.01.004
Portnoy, J., Waller, M., & Elliott, T. (2020). Telemedicine in the Era of COVID-19. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 8(5), 1489–1491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.008
Powers, M. A., Bardsley, J., Cypress, M., Duker, P., Funnell, M. M., Hess Fischl, A., Maryniuk, M. D., Siminerio, L., & Vivian, E. (2015). Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support in Type 2 Diabetes: A Joint Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(8), 1323–1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.05.012
Saleh, S., Farah, A., Dimassi, H., El Arnaout, N., Constantin, J., Osman, M., El Morr, C., & Alameddine, M. (2018). Using Mobile Health to Enhance Outcomes of Noncommunicable Diseases Care in Rural Settings and Refugee Camps: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 6(7), e137. https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.8146
Shan, R., Sarkar, S., & Martin, S. S. (2019). Digital health technology and mobile devices for the management of diabetes mellitus: State of the art. Diabetologia, 62(6), 877–887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-4864-7
Sherwani, S. I., Khan, H. A., Ekhzaimy, A., Masood, A., & Sakharkar, M. K. (2016). Significance of HbA1c Test in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diabetic Patients. Biomarker Insights, 11, BMI.S38440. https://doi.org/10.4137/BMI.S38440
Sim, I. (2019). Mobile Devices and Health. New England Journal of Medicine, 381(10), 956–968. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1806949
Sotomayor, F., Hernandez, R., Malek, R., Parimi, N., & Spanakis, E. K. (2023). The Effect of Telemedicine in Glycemic Control in Adult Patients with Diabetes during the COVID-19 Era—A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(17), 5673. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175673
Sun, C., Sun, L., Xi, S., Zhang, H., Wang, H., Feng, Y., Deng, Y., Wang, H., Xiao, X., Wang, G., Gao, Y., & Wang, G. (2019). Mobile Phone–Based Telemedicine Practice in Older Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 7(1), e10664. https://doi.org/10.2196/10664
Tristão, L. S., Tavares, G., Tustumi, F., Bernardo, W. M., Duarte, M. L., Peccin, M. S., & Dos Santos, L. R. (2023). Telemedicine for Diabetes Mellitus Management in Older Adults: A SystematicReview. Current Diabetes Reviews, 19(4), e190522205042. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399818666220519164605
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Published
2025-09-24
How to Cite
Amin, M. Q., Suardiana, I. K., Suhendar, D. A., Purnama, S., Maulidia, S. S., Widayanti, A. W., & Kristina, S. A. (2025). Telehealth Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.14548
Issue
Section
Review Article
