Prostate cancer clinical characteristics and systemic inflammatory indices at RSUD Ciawi in 2023, a preliminary study from a secondary referral hospital

Abstract

Prostate cancer is a leading male malignancy worldwide and remains a growing concern in Indonesia, where it ranks fifth in incidence. Secondary referral hospitals play a pivotal role in bridging primary care and tertiary oncology, yet data on patient profiles in these settings are scarce. This study aimed to describe both the clinical characteristics and systemic inflammatory indices of prostate cancer patients treated at RSUD Ciawi, Bogor, during 2023. Fortynine patients were included in this retrospective review. The mean age was 68 years (SD 9.0), mean hemoglobin 12.3 g/dL, leukocyte count 8,290/μL, and platelet count 301,893/μL. The mean neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was 3.41 (SD 1.75), while the median systemic immune-inflammation index (SII)
was 980.6, and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) was 1.84. Among patients with available data, the median prostate volume was 38 cc, prostatespecific antigen (PSA) was 100 ng/mL, and the Gleason score was 9, consistent with advanced and aggressive disease. Most patients presented with high PSA levels, elevated Gleason scores, and increased inflammatory indices, reflecting delayed diagnosis and the potential contribution of systemic inflammation to disease progression. These findings emphasize the dual importance of clinical
and inflammatory profiles in understanding prostate cancer at the secondary referral level. Strengthening screening strategies, improving diagnostic access, and establishing hospital-based registries are needed to optimize management and support future research.