Representasi Dewa Surya dalam Bentuk Arca di Jawa
Abstract
The depiction of the deities in sculptural form was an important aspect of Hindu-Buddha cultural development in the Nusantara from the fifth to the sixteenth centuries. Sculptures of the Surya deity are among the archaeological finds reflecting this cultural influence, especially in Java. This study explores the representation of the Surya deity through a literature review, observations, and descriptive-comparative analysis of seven sculptures found in the administrative regions of East Java, Central Java, and the Special Region of Yogyakarta. This study uses iconographic approach, and the results show that sculptures of Surya deity are characterized by distinctive iconographic features, such as hands in varadahastamudra and/or holding lotus flowers, sitting cross-legged on a lotus pedestal, or standing/sitting on a chariot drawn by seven horses. These representations reflect symbolic concepts associated with fertility, health, and balance in the lives of past societies. This study highlights the iconographic features and symbolic role of Surya deity sculptures as an integral part of Java’s archaeological landscape.
===
Penggambaran tokoh dewata dalam bentuk arca merupakan bagian penting dari perkembangan kebudayaan Hindu-Buddha di Nusantara pada abad ke-5 hingga ke-16 Masehi. Arca Dewa Surya merupakan salah satu temuan arkeologis yang mencerminkan pengaruh kebudayaan tersebut, terutama di Jawa. Penelitian ini membahas representasi Dewa Surya berdasarkan studi pustaka, observasi, dan analisis deskriptif-komparatif terhadap tujuh arca yang ditemukan di wilayah administratif Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah, dan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan ikonografis dan hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa arca Dewa Surya digambarkan dengan ciri ikonografis khas, seperti tangan bersikap varadahastamudra dan/atau memegang bunga teratai, sikap duduk bersila di atas teratai, atau sikap berdiri/duduk di atas kereta yang ditarik oleh tujuh ekor kuda. Representasi ini mencerminkan konsep simbolis yang terkait dengan kesuburan, kesehatan, dan keseimbangan dalam kehidupan masyarakat masa lalu. Penelitian ini memberikan gambaran tentang ciri ikonografis arca Dewa Surya dan peran simbolisnya di Jawa.
References
Achari, S. 2015. Hindu Iconology: The Study of the Symbolism and Meaning of Icons. Australia Council of Hindu Clergy.
Arniati, I.A.K. 2018. “Dewa Surya Tertinggi dalam Agama Hindu”. dalam Energi Perspektif Budaya. Denpasar: Unhi Press.
Banerjea, J.N. 1941. The Development of Hindu Iconography. University of Calcutta.
Budiarto, E., Nurcahyo, G.E., Junawan, M., Purbasari, R., Rohyani, S., & Widayanti, W.W. Tanpa Tahun. Dewa-Dewi Masa Klasik Edisi Revisi. Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Jawa Tengah.
Chacko, A. 2013. “Worship of Sun in ṚGVEDA”. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication 3(2): 1-6. http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0213.php?rp=P14803.
Dalal, R. 2010. Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India.
Das, B.M. 2021. “The Tradition of Sun Worship and Arka Kshetra Konark in the Sarala Mahabharata”. Odisha Review. 75-81.
Dharmic Scriptures Team. 2002. The Puranas. Issue 1, Draft 1. https://www.indiadivine.org/content/files/file/197-all-18-maha-puranas-in-english-pdf/.
Elgood, H. 2000. Hinduism and the Religious Arts. Bloomsbury Academic.
Geer, A.A.E.v.d. 2008. Animals in Stone: Indian Mammals Sculptured Through Time. Leiden: BRILL.
Gonda, J. 1968/1969. "The Hindu Trinity". Anthropos 63-64(1-2): 212–226. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40457085.
Gopal, M. 1990. India Through the Ages. K.S. Gautam (ed.). New Delhi: Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
Haryono, T., Setyaningsih, R.M., Hadiyanta, E., Romawati, S.M., & Tanzaq, Y. 2015. Katalog Koleksi Emas. Yogyakarta: Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Yogyakarta.
Hooykaas, C. 1966. Sūrya-Sevana: The Way to God of a Balinese Śiva Priest. Amsterdam: N.V. Noord Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij.
Khotimah. 2013. Agama Hindu dan Ajaran-Ajarannya. Pekanbaru: Daulat Riau.
Kumar, R. & Kumar, A. 2010. "A Unique Sūrya Carving on Aśokan Railings at Bodhgaya". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 91: 87–89.
Maulana, R. 1997. Ikonografi Hindu. Jakarta: Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia.
Pal, P. 1988. Indian Sculpture: 700-1800. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. University of California Press.
Rao, G. 1914. Elements of Hindu Iconography Vol. I. Madras: The Law Printing House Mount Road.
Relin. 2012. Teologi Hindu: Dalam Ritual Kematian pada Masyarakat Jawa. Surabaya: Pàramita.
Sahu, R.K. 2011. “Iconography of Surya in the Temple Art of Odisha”. Orissa Review. 27-33.
Sarkar, B.K. 2004. “Sun Worship and Sun-Images in Early Bengal”. Thesis. University of North Bengal, India.
Shimkhada, D. 1984. "The Masquerading Sun: A Unique Syncretic Image in Nepal". Artibus Asiae 45(2/3): 223-229. https://doi.org/10.2307/3249732.
Sick, D. 2004. "Mit(h)ra(s) and the Myths of the Sun". Numen 51(4): 432–467. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568527042500140.
Stephen, M. 2015. “Sūrya-Sevana: A Balinese Tantric Practice”. Archipel 89: 95-124. http://journals.openedition.org/archipel/492.
Straten, R.V. 1994. An Introduction to Iconography. (Translated by Patricia de Man). London: Taylor & Francis.
Weightman, B.A. 1996. "Sacred Landscapes and the Phenomenon of Light". Geographical Review 86(1): 59–71. doi:10.2307/215141.
Copyright (c) 2024 JANUS
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
JANUS applies the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, with the copyright on the published articles held by the journal. Authors are required to transmit the copyright to this journal once the articles are accepted. This journal is granted a non-exclusive license to publish the articles as the original publisher, along with the commercial right to publish printed issues for sale. Since this journal applies an open-access mode, authors may post articles published by this journal on personal websites or institutional repositories both prior to and after publication while providing bibliographic details that credit this journal.
By publishing with this journal, the copyright holder grants any third party the lawful right to use their published article to the extent provided by the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license.
Subsequently, people are lawfully permitted to share, distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the published articles for noncommercial purposes only, by providing appropriate credit or attribution (Title, Author, Source, and License of the work), including a link to the license, indicating if any changes were made, and redistribute the derivative outputs under the same license (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
