Arca Pendeta Buddha di Indonesia
Abstract
In previous research statues of Buddhist priests found in East Java are interpreted as the embodiment of King Kṛtanāgara. In fact, similar statues are also discovered in Central Java from an earlier period. This raises the question whether these statues can indeed be associated with certain historical figures? This article addresses this issue by conducting a review of several statues of Buddhist priests in Central and East Java using an iconographic and iconological approach. The study showed that a Buddhist priest would be sculpted in a form similar to the Tathāgata or Buddha figure, but without his distinctive attributes, namely ūrṇā, uṣṇīṣa, curly hair and padmāsana. This depiction is meant to show his human nature. If in East Java statues of Buddhist priests can be associated with Kṛtanāgara , then similar statues in Central Java can only be interpreted in general as the embodiment of the highest Buddhist priest, guru or arhat.
===
Dalam penelitian terdahulu, temuan arca-arca pendeta Buddha di Jawa Timur selalu diidentifikasi sebagai perwujudan Raja Kṛtanāgara . Namun, ternyata arca serupa juga terdapat di Jawa Tengah dan berasal dari masa lebih awal, sehingga menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah arca serupa juga dapat dikaitkan dengan tokoh tertentu? Tulisan ini mendiskusikan permasalahan tersebut dengan melakukan kajian kembali terhadap sejumlah arca pendeta Buddha baik di Jawa Tengah maupun di Jawa Timur. Kajian dilakukan dengan pendekatan ikonografi dan ikonologi. Hasil kajian memperlihatkan bahwa tokoh pendeta Buddha diarcakan mirip dengan tokoh Tathāgata atau Buddha, tetapi tanpa atribut khas Tathagatha yaitu ūrṇā, uṣṇīṣa, rambut ikal, serta padmāsana. Penggambaran ini dimaksudkan untuk menunjukkan sifat kemanusiaannya. Selain itu, apabila di Jawa Timur arca pendeta Buddha dapat dikaitkan dengan tokoh Kṛtanāgara , arca pendeta Buddha di Jawa Tengah hanya dapat ditafsirkan secara umum sebagai perwujudan pendeta Buddha tertinggi, guru, atau arhat, dan belum dapat diidentifikasikan dengan tokoh sejarah tertentu.
References
Barnes, G. L. (1995). An Introduction to Buddhist Archaeology. World Archaeology, 27 no. 2(Buddhist Archaeology), 165–182.
Blom, J. (1939). The Antiquities of Singasari. Burgersdijk & Niermans.
Bosch, F. D. K. (1918). Nog eens: De bijzetting van koninng Krětanagara te Sagala. In Oudheidkundinge Dienst in Nederlandisch-Indie & Oudhenkundig Verslag 1918 Uitgegeven door het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen (hal. 21–32). Martinus Nijhoff.
Bosch, F. D. K. (1919). Korte gids voor de archeologische verzameling van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. Druk van Albrecht.
Brandes, J. L. (1905). Rapporten van den Comissie in Nederlandsch-Indië voor Oudheidkundig Onderzoek op Java en Madoera 1903 Uitgegeven door het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen.
Chowdury, S. B. (2018). The Legacy of Atiśa: A Reflection on Textual, Historical and Doctrinal Developments to Enrich Buddha Dhamma from the Azimuth of Vikramśilā to Modern Era. The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Universities (JIABU), 11(1).
De Casparis, D. G. (1958). Short Inscriptions from Tjandi Palosan-Lor. Berita Dinas Purbakala Bulletin of the Archaeological Service of the Republic of Indonesia, 4, 1–46.
Ertrisia, R. A. P. (2020). Studi Ikonografi Arca-Arca Jina Kṛtanāgara. Panalungtik Balai Arkeologi Jawa Barat, 3(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24164/pnk.v3i1.36
Fontein, J., Soekmono, R., & Sedyawati, E. (1990). The Sculpture of Indonesia. H.N. Abrams.
Gupte, R. S. (1972). Iconography of the Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. Taraprevala & Sons.
Hadiwijono, H. (2019). Agama Hindu dan Buddha (21 ed.). BPK Gunung Mulia.
Hakeda, Y. S. (1972). Kukai: Major Works, Translated, with an Account of His Life and a Study of His Thought. Columbia University Press.
Kandahjaya, H. (2020). Sań Hyań Kamahāyānikan (1 ed.). Penerbit Dian Dharma.
Kats, J. (1910). Sań Hyań Kamāhāyanikan. Martinus Nijhoff.
Kempers, A. J. B. (1959). Ancient Indonesian Art. CPJ van der Peet.
Krom, N. J. (1912). Bijschrift bij de foto van den kop van Tjandi Sewoe. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- En Volkenkunde, 54, 129–134.
Kubo, T., & Yuyama, A. (2007). THE LOTUS SUTRA (Taishō Volume 9, Number 262) Translated from the Chinese of Kumārajiva. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.
Mecsi, B. (2018). The Arhats and Their Legacy in the Visual Arts of East Asia. Hualin International Journal of Buddhist Studies, 1(2), 131–142.
Müller, M. (2015). Iconography and Symbolism. In M. Hartwig (Ed.), A Companion to Ancient Egyptian Art. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Munandar, A. A. (2013). Tinjauan Ringkas Ikonografi Hindu-Buddha Mataram Kuno Abad ke8-10 M. In Ceramah Budaya.
Poerbatjaraka, R. M. N. (1964). Kapustakan Djawi. Djambatan.
Redig, I. W. (2010). Perkembangan Buddhisme di Indonesia (Sebuah Kajian Arkeologis). Forum Arkeologi, I, 23–41.
Reichle, N. (2007). Violence and Serenity: Late Buddhist Sculpture From Indonesia. University of Hawai’i Press.
Schopen, G. (1997). Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Ephigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India. University of Hawai’i Press.
Sedyawati, E. (1983). Model Deskripsi Arca Tipe Tokoh. Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia.
Sukendar, H., Simanjuntak, T., Eriawati, Y., Suhadi, M., Prasetyo, B., Harkantiningsih, N., & Handini, R. (1999). Metode Penelitian Arkeologi. Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional.
Utomo, B. (2018). Sang Hyang Kamahāyānikan: Translation and Analitical Study. Jiabu Special edition on Vesak Celebration Conference, 253–267.
Yamin, M. (1962). Tatanegara Madjapahit Parwa I. Jajasan Prapantja.
JANUS publishes articles under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, with the copyright held by the journal.
This means anyone can copy, transform, or redistribute articles for any lawful purpose in any medium, provided they give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and JANUS, link to the license, indicate if changes were made, and redistribute any derivative work under the same license.
Once articles are accepted and published on this website, the author(s) agree to transmit the copyright to JANUS .
===
Author Self-Archiving Policy
As this journal runs an open-access model, author(s) are permitted and encouraged to post items published by this journal on personal websites or institutional repositories both prior to and after publication while providing bibliographic details that credit, if applicable, its publication in this journal.
