* Corresponding Author
Association between blood glucose levels at admission and severity of COVID-19 patients
Nurul Asysyifa(1), Shinta Dewi Permata Sari(2*), Dewi Martalena(3)
(1) Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA
(2) Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA
(3) Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA/Pondok Kopi Jakarta Islamic Hospital
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Hyperglycemia can be experienced by corona virus disease (COVID-19) patients due to the invasion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) into pancreatic cells or other mechanisms such as insulin resistance, counter-regulatory, stress induction, and glucocorticoid therapy. Hyperglycemia can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to an increase in the disease severity. Based on the clinical and laboratory criteria, the severity of COVID-19 patients is classified into asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and critical. This study aimed to investigate the association between blood glucose levels at admission and the severity of COVID-19 patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM). It was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from COVID-19 patients in Pondok Kopi Jakarta Islamic Hospital from April to June 2021. This study involved 340 patients with comorbid DM (n=78) and without comorbid DM (n=262). The Mann-Whitney and Spearman correlation test were used. A significant difference between random blood glucose levels in comorbid DM patients and patients without comorbid DM (p<0.05). However, there is a weak correlation between random blood glucose levels and severity with comorbid DM (r=0.112) and without comorbid DM (r=0.129). In conclusion, a positive and weak correlation between blood glucose levels at admission and the severity of COVID-19. The severity increases as the blood sugar level increases. Further study needs to be performed considering other comorbid conditions.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
1. Zoumpourlis V, Goulielmaki M, Rizos E, Baliou S, Spandidos DA. [Comment] The COVID 19 pandemic as a scientific and social challenge in the 21st century. Mol Med Rep 2020;22(4):3035-48.
https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11393.
2. Roeroe PAL, Sedli BP, Umboh O. Faktor risiko terjadinya coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pada penyandang diabetes melitus tipe 2. eClinicC 2021; 9 (1): 154–60.
3. Isbaniah F, Kusumowardhani D, Sitompul PA, Susilo A, Wihastuti R, Setyawaty V, et al. Pedoman pencegahan dan pengendalian coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Penceghan dan Pengendalian Penyakit (P2P), Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2020.
4. Zhang Y, Li H, Zhang J, Cao Y, Zhao X, Yu N, et al. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with diabetes and secondary hyperglycaemia with coronavirus disease 2019: A single-centre, retrospective, observational study in Wuhan. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22(8):1443-4.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14086
5. Bode B, Garrett V, Messler J, McFarland R, Crowe J, Booth R, et al. Glycemic characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the United States. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2020; 14(4):813-21.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296820924469
6. Mbata O, El-Magd NFA, El-Remessy AB. Obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetic retinopathy: beyond hyperglycemia. World J Diabetes 2017; 8(7):317-29.
https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v8.i7.317
7. Li H, Tian S, Chen T, Cui Z, Shi N, Zhong X, et al. Newly diagnosed diabetes is associated with a higher risk of mortality than known diabetes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22(10):1897-906.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14099
8. Martalena D, Pandhita G, Sanjaya AI, Jantika D, Sukarya W. Karakteristik parameter hematologi pasien COVID-19 di Rumah Sakit Islam Jakarta Pondok Kopi. [Laporan Penelitian]. Jakarta: Rumah Sakit Islam Jakarta Pondok Kopi.
9. Seftiya A, Kosala K. Epidemiologi karakteristik pasien Covid-19 di Kalimantan Utara. J Sains dan Kesehat 2021; 3(5):645-53.
https://doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v3i5.542
10. Li Y, Shi J, Xia J, Duan J, Chen L, Yu X, et al. Asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with non-severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have similar slinical features and virological courses: a retrospective single center study. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1570.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01570
11. Hidayati, D. Profil penduduk terkonfirmasi positif Covid-19 dan meninggal: kasus Indonesia dan DKI Jakarta. J Kependud Indones 2020; 93-100.
https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v0i0.541
12. Leng J, Goldstein DR. Impact of aging on viral infections. Microbes Infect 2010 12(14-15):1120-4.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2010.08.009
13. Biswas M, Rahaman S, Biswas TK, Haque Z, Ibrahim B. Association of sex, age, and comorbidities with mortality in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intervirology 2021; 9:1-12.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000512592
14. Charoenngam N, Alexanian SM, Apovian CM, Holick MF. Association between hyperglycemia at hospital presentation and hospital outcomes in COVID-19 patients with and without type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized inner-city COVID-19 patients. Nutrients 2021; 13(7)2199.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072199
15. Carrasco-Sánchez FJ, López-Carmona MD, Martínez-Marcos FJ, Pérez-Belmonte LM, Hidalgo-Jiménez A, Buonaiuto V, et al. Admission hyperglycaemia as a predictor of mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 regardless of diabetes status: data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry. Ann Med 2021; 53(1):103-16.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2020.1836566
16. Klonoff DC, Messler JC, Umpierrez GE, Peng L, Booth R, Crowe J, et al. Association between achieving inpatient glycemic control and clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a multicenter, retrospective hospital-based analysis. Diabetes Care 2021; 44(2):578-85.
https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1857
17. Xie L, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Chen Y, Lu D, Wu W. COVID-19 and diabetes: a comprehensive review of angiotensin converting enzyme 2, mutual effects and pharmacotherapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:772865.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.772865
18. Kun’ain UIA, Rahardjo SS, Tamtomo DG. Meta-analysis: the effect of diabetes mellitus comorbidity on the risk of death in Covid-19 patients. Indones J Med 2020; 5(4):368-77.
https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2020.05.04.12
19. Zhou W, Ye S, Wang W, Li S, Hu Q. Clinical features of COVID-19 patients with diabetes and secondary hyperglycemia. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:3918723.
20. Liu D, Zheng Y, Kang J, Wang D, Bai L, Mao Y, et al. Not only high number and specific comorbidities but also age are closely related to progression and poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19. Front Med 2022; 8:736109.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.736109
21. Singh AK, Ritu S. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company’ s public news and information. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14(4):293.
22. Wang D, Li R, Wang J, Jiang Q, Gao C, Yang J, et al. Correlation analysis between disease severity and clinical and biochemical characteristics of 143 cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20(1):519.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05242-w
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 179
| 
views : 141
Copyright (c) 2024 Nurul Asysyifa, Dewi Martalena, Shinta Dewi Permata Sari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) by Universitas Gadjah Mada is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/bik/.