Developing Strategy to Reduce the Mortality of Native Chicken using Qualitative Modeling

Ismoyowati Ismoyowati; Elly Tugiyanti; Diana Indrasanti; Novie Andri Setianto; Vony Armelia

doi:10.21059/buletinpeternak.v46i1.70195

Developing Strategy to Reduce the Mortality of Native Chicken using Qualitative Modeling

https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v46i1.70195

Ismoyowati Ismoyowati^(1*), Elly Tugiyanti⁽²⁾, Diana Indrasanti⁽³⁾, Novie Andri Setianto⁽⁴⁾, Vony Armelia⁽⁵⁾

(1) Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
(2) Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
(3) Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
(4) Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
(5) Postgraduate, Faculty of Animal Science, Jenderal Soedirman University
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Smallholder native chicken farming continues to face challenges that include simple farming management as well as ND and AI diseases that lead to decreased productivity and increased mortality rate. The aim of the study was to develop a strategy to reduce the mortality rate of native chickens in extensive and semi-intensive rearing systems. This study uses survey method with 78 extensive and 88 semi-intensive native chicken farmers as respondent. This study explores the disease incidence, illness treatment, mortality rate, as well as AI and ND antibody titers which then analyzed descriptively. System dynamic model using Ventana software (VENSIM) was used to identify the contributing factors to the mortality rate of native chicken in smallholder farming. The results showed that the common diseases among native chickens reared in semi-intensive and extensive farming are AI, ND, CRD, and pullorum, with a high rate of disease-specific mortality (>5%). Compared to native chickens in semi-intensive farming, those of in extensive farming showed a higher natural immunity against AI and ND. The qualitative modeling produced seven reinforcing loops and five balancing loops. Some challenges in developing native chicken farming were disease incidence due to lack of proper land and cage, the occurrence of selling unhealthy chickens, farmers opting out for poultry vaccination, high operational cost, lack of business motivation, limited knowledge on poultry management and health, lack of extension programs, and traditional management. We concluded that the rate of disease-specific mortality (ND and AI) remained high in native chickens reared both in extensive and semi-intensive farming. It takes an effort to improve farming management, vaccination, and the government’s contribution through extension programs to decrease disease incidence and mortality rate of native chickens.

Keywords

Causal loop diagram; Disease; Mortality; Native chickens

Full Text:

PDF

References

Agency of Livestock and Animal Health Service Central Java Province. 2020. Livestock population by district/municipality and kind of livestock in central java province. https://jateng.bps.go.id/, Accessed 17 October 2021.

Alders, R., J. A. Awuni, B. Bagnol, P. Farrell, and N. de Haan. 2014. Impact of avian influenza on village poultry production globally. EcoHealth, 11: 63–72.

Alexander, D. J. 1995. The epidemiology and control of avian influenza and newcastle disease. J. Comp. Pathol. 112: 105–126.

Alexander, D. J. 2000. Newcastle disease and other avian paramyxoviruses. Rev. Sci. Tech. 19: 443–462.

Burhanudin, D., D. M. Saleh and S. Mugiyono. 2019. Effect of artificial insemination interval and spermatozoa concentration on salable chick and grade out in Sentul chicken. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 1: 168-177.

Capua, I and S. Marangon. 2004. Vaccination for avian influenza in Asia. Vaccine. 22: 4137–4138.

Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) Kebumen Regency. 2021. Kebumen Regency in Numbers. https://kebumenkab.bps.go.id. Accessed 2 November 2021.

Delabouglise, A., N. T. L. Thanh, H. T A. Xuyen., B. Nguyen-Van-Yen., P. N. Tuyet., H. M. Lam and M. F. Boni. 2020. Poultry farmer response to disease outbreaks in smallholder farming systems in southern Vietnam. eLife 9. e59212: 1-19.

Director-General of Livestock and Animal Health Services. 2021. Livestock and Animal Health Statistics 2021. http://ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/, Accessed 17 October 2021.

Emmans, G. C. 1981. A model of the growth and feed intake of adlibitum fed animals, particularly poultry. Comput. Anim. Prod. 5: 103–110.

Ford, A. 2010. Modeling the Environment. 2nd ed. Island Press, Washington, Covelo, London.

Forrester, J. W. 1971. World Dynamics. 1st ed. Wright-Allen Press, Cambridge, MA.

Galarneau, K. D., R. S. Singer, and R. W. Wills. 2020. A system dynamics model for disease management in poultry production. Poultry Science. 99:5547–5559.

Harrison, J. L. and R. G. Alders. 2010. An assessment ofchicken husbandry including Newcastle disease control in ruralareas of Chibuto, Mozambique. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 42: 729–736.

Hidayat, C. and S. A. Asmarasari. 2015. Native chicken production in indonesia: a review. Indonesian Animal Husbandry Journal. 17: 1-11.

Homer, J. B. and G. Hirsch. 2006. System dynamics modeling for public health: background and opportunities. Am. J. Public Health. 96: 452–458.

Ismoyowati, M. Muft, M. Samsi, and A. Susanto. 2013. Maternal antibody titer against avian influenza transferred from hens to the eggs and ducklings. Animal Production 15: 189-195.

Iswanto, Subiharta, and A. Prabowo. 2018. The dissemination of superior native chicken breeding by Balitbangtan (KUB) supports the Working in Central Java program. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Agricultural Resource Readiness and Location-Specific Innovation Entering the Industrial Era 4.0. BPTP Central Java, Balitbangtan, Ministry of Agriculture.

Kencana, G. A. Y., I. N. Suartha, N. M. A. S. Paramita, and A. N. Handayani. 2016. Newcastle disease combination vaccine with avian influenza triggers protective immunity in laying hens against tetelo disease and bird flu. Veteriner Journal 17: 257-264.

Kestaria, H. Nu, and B. Malik. 2016. Effect of commercial feed substitution with coconut dregs flour on native chicken performance. Archipelago Farming Journal. 2: 43-48.

Libriani, R., L. O. Nafiu, T. Saili, M. Abadi, A. Sulfitrana, W. L. Salido, and P. D. Isnaeni. 2020. Disease prevention in native chicken through technical guidance on sanitation and biosecurity management in Abeli district. Journal of Applied Science Community Service. 2: 111-116.

Mahfuuzhoh, D., N. Prabewi and Susanto. 2019. The response of women farmers groups in banjarsari village towards giving herbs for optimizing the performance of native chicken in the starter period. Jurnal Agricultural Extension Development Program. 16: 47-57.

Nurmi, A., M. A. Santi, N. Harahap, and M. F. Harahap. 2018. Percentage of carcass and mortality of broilers and native chickens given waste of unfermented and fermented palm starch dregs in the ration. Integrated Animal Husbandry Scientific Journal 6: 134-139.

Office International des Epizooties (OIE). 2012. Newcastle disease. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Chapter 2.3.14. http://www.oie.int/international-standard-setting/terrestrialmanual/access-online

Oyiguh, J. A., L. K. Sulaiman, C. A. Meseko, S. Ismail, I. Suleiman, S. J. Ahmed, and E. C. Onate. 2014. Prevalence of newcastle disease antibodies in local chicken in federal capital territory, Abuja, Nigeria. International Scholarly Research Notices Volume 2014, Article ID 796148, 3 pages.

Rajab, and B. J. Papilaya. 2012. Quantitative characteristics of local native chicken in traditional maintenance. J. Agrinimal. 2: 61-64.

Rosyidi, D. 2018. Some of the constraints of food ingredients of livestock origin to achieving safe, healthy, whole and halal (ASUH). Proceedings of Nation Seminar on Animal Science Technology and Agribusiness VI: Development of Local Livestock Genetic Resources Towards Self-Sufficiency in Animal Food ASUH, Faculty of Animal Science, Jenderal Soedriman University, 7 July 2018.

Sentíes-Cu e., C. G., R. W. Wills., P. A. Stayer., M. A. Burleson, and D. L. Magee. 2010. Epidemiology and effect on production parameters of an outbreak of inclusion body hepatitis in broilers. Avian Dis. 54: 74–78.

Sofjan, I. 2012. Native chicken superior Balitnak. Agricultural Research and Development Agency. Jakarta.

Sterman, J. D. 2000. Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World. McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA.

Suarez, D. L. and S. Schultz-Cherry . 2000. Immunology of avian influenza virus: a review. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 24: 269-83.

Sub-Directorate for Observing Animal Diseases. 2014. Manual of poultry diseases. 2nd printing. Directorate of Animal Health. Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health. Ministry of Agriculture.

Sutrisna, R. 2014. Isolate of lactic acid bacteria as probiotics with AI and ND vaccination in formation of antibody titres and body weight of medium type roosters. J.Appl. Agric. Res. 14: 124-133.

Swayne, D. E. and D. L. Suarez. 2000. Highly pathogenic avian influenza. Rev. Sci. Tech.19: 463–482.

Swayne, D. E. and D. J. King. 2003. Avian influenza and newcastle disease. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 222: 1534–1540.

Tadesse, S., H. Ashenafi, and Z. Aschalew. 2005. Seroprevalence study of newcastle disease in local chickens in central Ethiopia. Int. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 3: 25-29.

Veits, J., D. Wiesner, W. Fuchs, B. Hoffmann, H. Granzow, E. Starick, E. Mundt, H. Schirrmeier, T. Mebatsion, T. C. Mettenleiter, and A. Romer-Oberdorfer. 2006. Newcastle disease virus expressing h5 hemagglutinin gene protects chickens against newcastle disease and avian influenza. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 8197–8202.

Volkova, V., R. Bailey, M. Rybolt, K. Galarneau, S. Hubbard, D. Magee, J. Byrd, and R. W. Wills. 2010. Inter-relationships of Salmonella status of flock and grow-out environment at sequential segments in broiler production and processing. Zoonoses Public Health 57: 463–475.

Wakawa, A. M., P. A. Abdu, J. U. Umoh, S. Lawal, and R. B. Miko. 2009. Serological evidence of mixed infections with avian influenza and newcastle disease in village chickens in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Veterinarski Arhiv. 79: 151-155.

Williams, R. B. 1999. A compartmentalised model for the estimation of the cost of coccidiosis to the world’s chicken production industry. Int. J. Parasitol. 29: 1209–1229.

Yuliani, N. S., G. Y. I. Sakan, and M. D. S. Randu. 2020. Utilization of herbal plants to prevent broiler chicken disease in Noelbaki village farmers group. Scientific Journal of Community Service. 4: 347-355.

Yuliantari, I. A. M., G. A. Y. Kencana, and I. M. Kardena. 2018. Seroprevalence of avian influenza in native chicken in Kerta, Payangan, Gianyar, Bali. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus. 7: 689-698.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v46i1.70195