Non-Target Screening of Chemical Migrants from Paper-Based Tea Bags: A Preliminary Investigation for Food Safety Assessment

Muhammad Ashari Yusuf; Hanifah Nuryani Lioe; Nugraha Edhi Suyatma

doi:10.22146/ijc.107417

Non-Target Screening of Chemical Migrants from Paper-Based Tea Bags: A Preliminary Investigation for Food Safety Assessment

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.107417

Muhammad Ashari Yusuf⁽¹⁾, Hanifah Nuryani Lioe^(2*), Nugraha Edhi Suyatma⁽³⁾

(1) Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University, Jl. Lingkar Akademik, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
(2) Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University, Jl. Lingkar Akademik, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
(3) Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University, Jl. Lingkar Akademik, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

The migration of compounds from food packaging is a growing global food safety concern, one that the Indonesian government is also addressing. This study specifically investigates the migration of compounds from tea bag articles. Utilizing liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (LC-QToF) for non-target analysis, the research aimed to identify unknown compounds that leach from tea bags into brewed infusion as a preliminary step for further investigation. This research employed data-independent acquisition (DIA) to obtain more comprehensive data in a single run. Effective analytical procedures were applied to evaluate complex resulting data, enhancing the accurate and efficient identification of unknown compounds. The ESI+ dataset contained 97 unique responses, corresponding to 46 unknown compounds, while the ESI- dataset contained 57 unique responses, corresponding to 26 unknown compounds. Non-target screening tentatively identified plastic monomers, flame retardants, pesticide residues, and degradation products, some of which present potential health hazards. Among the candidates, two suspected compounds with potential health risks, glufosinate and 9-vinylanthracene, were identified. These two compounds show significant correlations with other identified substances, indicative of possible underlying relationships. Additionally, an assessment identified commonalities in the profiles of samples containing these compounds. These correlational insights can streamline subsequent investigations by priority consideration.

Keywords

LC-QToF; migration; non-target analysis; screening; tea bag

Full Text:

Full Text PDF Full Text PDF-Suppl. Data

References

[1] Schmid, P., and Welle, F., 2020, Chemical migration from beverage packaging materials-A review, Beverages, 6 (2), 37.

[2] Tsochatzis, E.D., 2021, Food contact materials: Migration and analysis. Challenges and limitation on identification and quantification, Molecules, 26 (11), 3232.

[3] Muncke, J., Backhaus, T., Geueke, B., Maffini, M.V., Martin, O.V., Myers, J.P., Soto, A.M., Trasande, L., and Scheringer, M., 2017, Scientific challenges in the risk assessment of food contact materials, Environ. Health Perspect., 125 (9), 095001.

[4] Alnaimat, A.S., Barciela-Alonso, M.C., and Bermejo-Barrera, P., 2020, Development of a sensitive method for the analysis of four phthalates in tea samples: Tea bag contribution to the total amount in tea infusion, Food Addit. Contam.: Part A, 37 (10), 1719–1729.

[5] Confederations of European Paper Industries, 2019, Food Contact Guidelines for The Compliance of Paper and Board Material and Articles, CEPI, Brussels, Belgium.

[6] Geueke, B., 2018, Dossier - Non-intentionally added substance, Food Packaging Forum, Zurich, Switzerland.

[7] Nerín, C., Bourdoux, S., Faust, B., Gude, T., Lesueur, C., Simat, T., Stoermer, A., Van Hoek, E., and Oldring, P., 2022, Guidance in selecting analytical techniques for identification and quantification of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food contact materials (FCMS), Food Addit. Contam.: Part A, 39 (3), 620–643.

[8] De Vijlder, T., Valkenborg, D., Lemière, F., Romijn, E.P., Laukens, K., and Cuyckens, F., 2018, A tutorial in small molecule identification via electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry: The practical art of structural elucidation, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 37 (5), 607–629.

[9] Peters, R.J.B., Groeneveld, I., Sanchez, P.L., Gebbink, W., Gersen, A., de Nijs, M., and van Leeuwen, S.P.J., 2019, Review of analytical approaches for the identification of non-intentionally added substances in paper and board food contact materials, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 85, 44–54.

[10] Keitel, S., 2021, Paper and Board Used in Food Contact Materials and Articles, European Committee for Food Contact Materials and Articles (CD-P-MCA), Strasbourg, France.

[11] British Standard Institution, 1994, BS EN 647:1994 Paper and Board Intended to Come into Contact with Foodstuffs - Preparation of a Hot Water Extract, BSI, London, England.

[12] Chen, Y., Li, H., Huang, H., Zhang, B., Ye, Z., Yu, X., and Shentu, X., 2023, Recent advances in non-targeted screening of compounds in plastic-based/paper-based food contact materials, Foods, 12 (22), 4135.

[13] Li, C., Chu, S., Tan, S., Yin, X., Jiang, Y., Dai, X., Gong, X., Fang, X., and Tian, D., 2021, Towards higher sensitivity of mass spectrometry: A perspective from the mass analyzer, Front. Chem., 9, 813359.

[14] Guo, Z., Zhu, Z., Huang, S., and Wang, J., 2020, Non-targeted screening of pesticides for food analysis using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry - A review, Food Addit. Contam.: Part A, 37 (7), 1180–1201.

[15] Jia, W., Liu, H., Ma, Y., Huang, G., Liu, Y., Zhao, B., Xie, D., Huang, K., and Wang, R., 2024, Reproducibility in nontarget screening (NTS) of environmental emerging contaminants: Assessing different HLB SPE cartridges and instruments, Sci. Total Environ., 912, 168971.

[16] Leeman, W., and Krul, L., 2015, Non-intentionally added substances in food contact materials: How to ensure consumer safety, Curr. Opin. Food Sci., 6, 33–37.

[17] Vera, P., Canellas, E., and Nerín, C., 2018, Identification of non volatile migrant compounds and NIAS in polypropylene films used as food packaging characterized by UPLC-MS/QTOF, Talanta, 188, 750–762.

[18] Bengtström, L., Rosenmai, A.K., Trier, X., Jensen, L.K., Granby, K., Vinggaard, A.M., Driffield, M., and Højslev Petersen, J., 2016, Non-targeted screening for contaminants in paper and board food-contact materials using effect-directed analysis and accurate mass spectrometry, Food Addit. Contam.: Part A, 33 (6), 1080–1093.

[19] Moschet, C., Lew, B.M., Hasenbein, S., Anumol, T., and Young, T.M., 2017, LC- and GC-QTOF-MS as complementary tools for comprehensive micropollutant analysis in aquatic systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51 (3), 1553–1561.

[20] Kind, T., and Fiehn, O., 2007, Seven golden rules for heuristic filtering of molecular formulas obtained by accurate mass spectrometry, BMC Bioinf., 8 (1), 105.

[21] Sasse, M., and Rainer, M., 2022, Mass spectrometric methods for non-targeted screening of metabolites: A future for the identification of unknown compounds in plant extracts, Separations, 9 (12), 415.

[22] Mollerup, C.B., Dalsgaard, P.W., Mardal, M., and Linnet, K., 2017, Targeted and non-targeted drug screening in whole blood by UHPLC-TOF-MS with data-independent acquisition, Drug Test. Anal., 9 (7), 1052–1061.

[23] Deng, L., Shi, A.M., Liu, H.Z., Meruva, N., Liu, L., Hu, H., Yang, Y., Huang, C., Li, P., and Wang, Q., 2016, Identification of chemical ingredients of peanut stems and leaves extracts using UPLC-QTOF-MS coupled with novel informatics UNIFI platform, J. Mass Spectrom., 51 (12), 1157–1167.

[24] Bittremieux, W., Wang, M., and Dorrestein, P.C., 2022, The critical role that spectral libraries play in capturing the metabolomics community knowledge, Metabolomics, 18 (12), 94.

[25] Xue, J., Domingo-Almenara, X., Guijas, C., Palermo, A., Rinschen, M.M., Isbell, J., Benton, H.P., and Siuzdak, G., 2020, Enhanced in-source fragmentation annotation enables novel data independent acquisition and autonomous METLIN molecular identification, Anal. Chem., 92 (8), 6051–6059.

[26] Lv, Y., Xu, X., Yang, J., Gao, Y., Xin, J., Chen, W., Zhang, L., Li, J., Wang, J., Wei, Y., Wei, X., He, J., and Zu, X., 2023, Identification of chemical components and rat serum metabolites in Danggui Buxue decoction based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, the UNIFI platform and molecular networks, RSC Adv., 13 (46), 32778–32785.

[27] Hassan, I., Pinto, S., Weisbecker, C., and Attygalle, A.B., 2016, Competitive deprotonation and superoxide [O₂^-•] radical=anion adduct formation reaction of carboxamides under negative-ion atmospheric pressure helium-plasma ionization (HePI) conditions, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 27 (3), 394–401.

[28] Martinez-Bueno, M.J., Gómez-Ramos, M.J., Bauer, A., and Fernández-Alba, A.R., 2019, An overview of non-targeted screening strategies base in high resolution accurate mass spectrometry for the identification of migrants coming from plastic food packaging materials, TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem., 110, 191–203.

[29] Blanco-Zubiaguirre, L., Zabaleta, I., Usobiaga, A., Prieto, A. Olivares, M., Zuloaga, O., and Elizalde, M.P., 2020, Target and suspect screening of substances liable to migrate from food contact paper and cardboard materials using liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry, Talanta, 208, 120394.

[30] Akkineni, L.K., Zeisig, M., Baranczewski, P., Ekström, L.G., and Möller, L., 2001, Formation of DNA adducts from oil-derived products analyzed by 32P-HPLC, Arc. Toxicol., 74 (11), 720–731.

[31] Liu, M., Onchaiya, S., Tan, L.Y.F., Haghighatbin, M.A., Luu, T., Owyong, T.C. Hushiarian, R., Hoogan, C.F., Smith, T.A., and Hong, Y., 2017, 9-Vinylanthracene based fluorogens: Synthesis, structure-property relationships and application, Molecules, 22 (2), 2148.

[32] Nguyen, M.H., Nguyen, T.D., Vu, M.T., Duong, H.A., and Pham, H.V., 2022, Determination of glyphosate, glufosinate, and their major metabolites in infusions by dual-channel capillary electrophoresis following solid-phase extraction, J. Anal. Methods Chem., 22 (1), 5687025.

[33] Kundu, R., Mondal, M., Garai, S., Banerjee, H., Ghosh, D., Majumder, A., and Poddar, R., 2020, Efficacy of herbicides on weed control, rhizospheric micro-organisms, soil properties and leaf qualities in tea plantation, Indian J. Weed Sci., 52 (2), 160–168.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.107417