Effect of Catalyst Bed Arrangement on the Conversion of Processed Palm Oil into Bio-Jet Fuel Using Co/ZSM-5 Catalyst

Pangestu Arum Pratiwi; Triyono Triyono; Wega Trisunaryanti; Adyatma Bhagaskara; Dita Adi Saputra

doi:10.22146/ijc.111796

Effect of Catalyst Bed Arrangement on the Conversion of Processed Palm Oil into Bio-Jet Fuel Using Co/ZSM-5 Catalyst

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.111796

Pangestu Arum Pratiwi⁽¹⁾, Triyono Triyono^(2*), Wega Trisunaryanti⁽³⁾, Adyatma Bhagaskara⁽⁴⁾, Dita Adi Saputra⁽⁵⁾

(1) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
(3) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
(4) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; Research Center for Conversion and Energy Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, Serpong, Tangerang Selatan 15310, Indonesia
(5) Research Center for Conversion and Energy Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, Serpong, Tangerang Selatan 15310, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable aviation fuels has driven the development of efficient catalyst materials. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of the Co/ZSM-5 catalyst, evaluate the effect of catalyst bed arrangement (single- and double-bed configurations) on catalytic performance, and assess its reusability for converting processed palm oil into bio-jet fuel. The catalyst was analyzed using XRD, FTIR, Raman, SAA, NH₃-TPD, XPS, and SEM-EDX instruments. The experiment was conducted in a semi-batch reactor equipped with a dual furnace. The hydrotreatment process was carried out at temperatures ranging from 200 to 550 °C with an H₂ flow rate of 20 mL/min for 3 h. The liquid product was analyzed by GC-MS and FTIR, while the spent catalyst was characterized by SEM-EDX mapping. The results showed that the catalyst exhibited good crystallinity, a moderate surface area, a suitable pore structure, strong acidity, and a stable cobalt dispersion. Catalyst activity tests revealed bio-jet fuel yields of 48.17% for the single-bed Co/ZSM-5 catalyst and 51.74% for the double-bed arrangement, highlighting the significant influence of bed arrangement effect on product yield and selectivity. After three reusability cycles, both single- and double-bed Co/ZSM-5 catalysts demonstrated consistent yields with relatively stable selectivity.

Keywords

bed arrangement; bio-jet fuel; Co/ZSM-5; hydrotreatment; processed palm oil

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.111796