Bioprospecting of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from  Bacillus subtilis  subsp.  subtilis  HSFI-9 Extract: Unveiling Their Potential as Antibacterial Agents

Maya Dian Rakhmawatie; Ana Hidayati Mukaromah; Ika Dyah Kurniati; Nur Fadhila Sari; Mazidatu Khoirinnisa Adiyanti; Arman Suryani

doi:10.22146/ijc.112650

Bioprospecting of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis HSFI-9 Extract: Unveiling Their Potential as Antibacterial Agents

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.112650

Maya Dian Rakhmawatie⁽¹⁾, Ana Hidayati Mukaromah⁽²⁾, Ika Dyah Kurniati⁽³⁾, Nur Fadhila Sari⁽⁴⁾, Mazidatu Khoirinnisa Adiyanti⁽⁵⁾, Arman Suryani^(6*)

(1) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang 50273, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemistry, Magister Study Program of Clinical Laboratory Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang 50273, Indonesia
(3) Department of Chemistry, Magister Study Program of Clinical Laboratory Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang 50273, Indonesia
(4) Medical Student, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang 50273, Indonesia
(5) Medical Student, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang 50273, Indonesia
(6) Department of Pharmacy Undergraduate Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang 50112, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis HSFI-9 demonstrates the ability to inhibit bacterial growth in vitro, with the potential for enhancement through nanoparticle technology. This study innovatively impregnated ZnO-NPs into the HSFI-9 extract to optimize its antibacterial activity, using the precipitation method with zinc nitrate tetrahydrate precursor at pH 10.0. Antibacterial tests were conducted against Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecium, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus using the disc diffusion and microdilution methods. Physical and chemical characterizations of ZnO-NPs HSFI-9 were also performed, and secondary metabolites were analyzed using high-resolution mass spectroscopy. The results revealed that ZnO-NPs HSFI-9 showed moderate antibacterial activity against S. aureus (MIC: 97.6 µg/mL), K. pneumoniae, and E. aerogenes (MIC: 390.6 µg/mL). SEM-EDX analysis showed particle sizes of 185–189 nm, with a hexagonal-spherical morphology. DLS measurements indicated larger particle sizes in the micrometer range because it measured the hydrodynamic diameter, which includes the solvent layer, whereas SEM measures individual particle size based on physical appearance. The crystallinity index of ZnO-NPs HSFI-9 was 67.3% based on XRD analysis. Surfactin was the primary metabolite detected in the extract, suggesting positive prospects for developing ZnO-NPs HSFI-9 as an antimicrobial agent.

Keywords

antibacterial agents; Bacillus subtilis; Staphylococcus aureus; zinc oxide nanoparticles

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References

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.112650