Copper and Cadmium Toxicity to Marine Phytoplankton, Chaetoceros gracilis and Isochrysis sp.

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21211

Suratno Suratno(1*), Rachma Puspitasari(2), Triyoni Purbonegoro(3), Dieni Mansur(4)

(1) Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Pasir Putih I, Ancol Timur Jakarta Utara 14430
(2) Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Pasir Putih I, Ancol Timur Jakarta Utara 14430
(3) Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Pasir Putih I, Ancol Timur Jakarta Utara 14430
(4) Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Kawasan PUSPIPTEK Serpong, Tangerang Banten 15314
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


In Copper (Cu) based antifouling (AF) paints Cu was largely used as booster biocide after organotin was banned. Cu is micronutrient which is important in photosynthesis process because Cu is an essential metal as component of enzyme and electron transport chain. But in certain dosage, Cu could be toxic to marine organism. Chaetoceros gracilis and Isochrysis sp. are dominant microalgae in aquatic ecosystem. In this study the effect of Cu and Cadmium (Cd) on two marine microalgae, C. gracilis and Isochrysis sp. were compared. Toxicity test was based on American Standard for Testing Material (ASTM). IC50-96 h of Cd as reference toxicant was 2,370 mg.L-1 for C. gracilis and 490 mg.L-1 for Isochrysis sp. IC50-96 h of Cu to growth of C. gracilis was 63.75 mg.L-1 and Isochrysis sp. was 31.80 mg.L-1. Both Cd and Cu were inhibited growth of microalgae. Based on IC50-96 h value, it could be concluded that Cu was more toxic than Cd. Toxicity of Cu was 37 times stronger than Cd for C. gracilis and 15 times for Isochrysis sp. It was estimated that at concentration 10 mg.L-1 Cu does not show observable effect (NOEC) to C. gracilis and 5 mg.L-1 to Isochrysis sp. The lowest observable effect of Cu (LOEC) to C. gracilis was at concentration 17 mg.L-1 and 10 mg.L-1 for Isochrysis sp.

Keywords


Cd; Cu; toxicity; Chaetoceros gracilis; antifouling

Full Text:

Full Text Pdf


References

[1] Ansari, T.M., Marr, I.L., and Tariq N, 2004, J. Appl. Sci., 4(1), 1–20.

[2] Landis, W.G., and Ming, Y.H., 1995, Introduction to Environmental Toxicology: Impacts of Chemicals Upon Ecological Systems, Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, Florida, 48–51.

[3] Shaw, I.C., and Chadwick, J., 1998, Principles of Environmental Toxicology, Taylor and Francis, London, 47–65.

[4] Canterford, G.S., and Canterford, D.R., 1980, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 60(1), 227–242.

[5] Petersen, R., 1982, Environ. Sci. Technol., 16(8), 443–447.

[6] Trevors, J.T., Stratton, G.W., and Gadd, G.M., 1986, Can. J. Microbiol., 32(6), 447–464.

[7] Stauber, J.L., and Florence, T.M., 1987, Mar. Biol., 94(4), 511–519.

[8] Satoh, A., Vudikaria, L.Q., Kurano, N., and Miyachi, S., 2005, Environ. Int., 31(5), 713–722.

[9] Barón, M., Arellano, J.B., and Gorgé, J.L., 1995, Physiol. Plant., 94(1), 174–180.

[10] Wang Z., Yan, C., Kong, H., and Wu, D., 2010, Mechanisms of Cadmium Toxicity to Various Trophic Saltwater Organisms, Nova Science Publisher, Inc., New York, 2.

[11] Valkirs, A.O., Seligman, P.F., Haslbeck, E., and Caso, J.S., 2003, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 46(6), 763–779.

[12] Thompson, P.A., Couture, P., Thellen, C., and Auclair, J.C., 1987, Aquat. Toxicol., 10(5-6), 291–305.

[13] Lage, O.M., Parente, A.M., Vasconcelos, M.T.S.D., Gomes, C.A.R., and Salema, R., 1996, J. Phycol., 32(3), 416–423.

[14] Overnell, J., 1975, Mar. Biol., 29(1), 99–103.

[15] Rhie, K.T., and Lee, K.S., 1999, Korean J. Environ. Toxicol., 14, 145–153.

[16] Yap, C.K., Ismail, A., Omar, H., and Tan, S.G., 2004, Environ. Int., 29(8), 1097–1104.

[17] O'Kelly, J.C., 1974, “Inorganic Nutrients” in Algal Physiology and Biochemistry, Stewart W.D.P., eds., University of California Press, Berkeley, 610–635.

[18] Sunda, W.G., and Huntsman, S.A., 1995, Limnol. Oceanogr., 40(1), 132–137.

[19] Hall, W.S., Bushong, S.J., Hall, Jr.L.W., Lenkevich, M.J., and Pinkney, A.E., 1988, Environ. Monit. Assess., 11, 33–42.

[20] Claisse, D., and Alzieu, C., 1993, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 26(7), 395–397.

[21] Thomas, W.H., Holm-Hansen, O., Siebert, D.L.R., Azam, F., Hodson, R., and Takahashi, M., 1997, Bull. Mar. Sci., 27, 34–43.

[22] Dwi, H., 2008, Oceanol. Limnol., 34(3), 461–478.

[23] ASTM, 2006, vol. 11.06, Philadelphia, 278–291.

[24] Dwi H., 1997, Chronic Toxicity of Cd to Marine Diatoms, Chaetoceros Gracilis and C. Ceratosporum, EVS Environment Consultants, North Vancouver and Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 87–96.

[25] Teresa J.N.K., 1993, U.S. EPA Technical Report 03-93, 30.

[26] Liu, G., Chai, X., Shao, Y., Hu, L., Xie, Q., and Wu, H., 2011, J. Environ. Sci. China, 23(2), 330–335.

[27] Nassiri, Y., Ginsburger-Vogel, T., Mansot, J.L., and Wéry, J., 1996, Biol. Cell, 86(2-3), 151–160.

[28] Hu, S., Lau, K.W.K., and Wu, M., 2001, Plant Sci., 161(5), 987–996.

[29] Wilson, W.B., and Larry R.F., 1980. EPA-600/3-80-025, U.S. EPA, Narrangansett, R1, USNITS PB80- 182843, 110.

[30] Ismail, M., Phang, S-M., Tong, S-L., Brown, M.T., 2002, Environ. Monit. Assess., 75(2), 145–154.

[31] Levy, J.L., Stauber, J.L., and Jolley, D.F., 2007, Sci. Total Environ., 387, 141–154.

[32] De Schamphelaere, K.A.C., Stauber, J.L., Wilde, K.L., Markich, S.J., Brown, P.L., Franklin, N.M., Creighton, N.M., and Janssen, C.R., 2005, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(7), 2067–2072.

[33] Franklin, N.M., Stauber, J.L., Apte, S.C., and Lim, R.P., 2002, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21(4), 742–751.

[34] Davis, A.K., Hildebrand, M., and Palenik, B., 2005, J. Phycol., 41(3), 577–589.

[35] Luoma, S.N., and Rainbow, P.S., 2005, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(7), 1921–1931.

[36] Sunda, W.G., 1989, Biol. Oceanogr., 6(5-6),
411–442.

[37] Quigg, A., Reinfelder, J.R., and Nicholas S. Fisher, N.S. 2006, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51(2), 893–899.

[38] Debelius, B., Forja, J.M., Delvalls, A., and Lubián, L.M., 2009, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 72(5), 1503–1513.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21211

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 2569 | views : 3282


Copyright (c) 2015 Indonesian Journal of Chemistry

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

 

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry (ISSN 1411-9420 /e-ISSN 2460-1578) - Chemistry Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.

Web Analytics View The Statistics of Indones. J. Chem.