Thermal and Structure Analysis Based on Exfoliation of Clay in Thermosensitive Polymer by  in-situ  Polymerization

Marwah Noori Mohammed; Kamal Yusoh; Jun Haslinda binti Haji Sharifuddin

doi:10.22146/ijc.40872

Thermal and Structure Analysis Based on Exfoliation of Clay in Thermosensitive Polymer by in-situ Polymerization

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.40872

Marwah Noori Mohammed⁽¹⁾, Kamal Yusoh^(2*), Jun Haslinda binti Haji Sharifuddin⁽³⁾

(1) Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
(2) Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
(3) Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL) offers superior characteristics as a thermoresponsive polymer for various potential applications. An attractive procedure, namely in-situ polymerization, was used to prepare NVCL/clay nanocomposite in different clay ratios. Organo-modified clay as C20 and B30 were employed in a range between 1–5% based on weight. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to study thermal decomposition and to assess bond conversion during polymerization of the nanocomposite. This research was conducted to study PNVCL characteristics with the addition of clay as a nanocomposite. The stretch mode of the carboxylic group (C=O) and (C=C) was present in the band range about ~1635 cm^–1 for the C20, but it was ranging between 1640 to 1664 cm^–1 for the B30 of the nanocomposite. It was observed that the decomposition was different for each type of organoclay and the temperature peaked at 30 to 800 °C, to measure the degradation points at 5, 10, and 50%. Comparison results for FTIR and TGA showed that the best nanocomposite was found in the C20 (3%) case.

Keywords

polymer; clay; nanocomposite; thermoresponsive; polymerization; thermal

Full Text:

Full Text PDF

References

[1] Strachota, B., Matějka, L., Zhigunov, A., Konefał, R., Spěváček, J., Dybal, J., and Puffr, R., 2015, Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)–clay based hydrogels controlled by the initiating conditions: evolution of structure and gel formation, Soft Matter, 11 (48), 9291–9306.

[2] Francis, R., Gopalan, G.P., Sivadas, A., and Joy, N., 2016, “Properties of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers” in Biomedical Applications of Polymeric Materials and Composites, Eds., Francis, R., and Kumar, D.S., Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Kottayam, Kerala, India, 187–231.

[3] Karakasyan, C., Mathos, J., Lack, S., Davy, J., Marquis, M., and Renard, D., 2015, Microfluidics-assisted generation of stimuli-responsive hydrogels based on alginates incorporated with thermo-responsive and amphiphilic polymers as novel biomaterials, Colloids Surf., B, 135, 619–629.

[4] Imaz, A., and Forcada, J., 2010, N‐vinylcaprolactam‐based microgels for biomedical applications, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 48 (5), 1173–1181.

[5] Mohammed, M.N., Yusoh, K.B., and Shariffuddin, J.H.B.H., 2018, Poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) thermoresponsive polymer in novel drug delivery systems: A review, Mater. Express, 8 (1), 21–34.

[6] Wu, W., and Zhou, S., 2013, “Responsive Polymer‐Inorganic Hybrid Nanogels for Optical Sensing, Imaging, and Drug Delivery” in Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery, Imaging, and Tissue Engineering, Eds., Tiwari, A., and Tiwari, A., Willey, Hoboken, New Jersey, 263–314.

[7] Nagase, K., Kobayashi, J., and Okano, T., 2009, Temperature-responsive intelligent interfaces for biomolecular separation and cell sheet engineering, J. R. Soc. Interface, 6 (Suppl 3), S293–S309.

[8] Lee, B., Jiao, A., Yu, S., You, J.B., Kim, D.H., and Im, S.G., 2013, Initiated chemical vapor deposition of thermoresponsive poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) thin films for cell sheet engineering, Acta Biomater., 9 (8), 7691–7698.

[9] Seliktar, D., 2012, Designing cell-compatible hydrogels for biomedical applications, Science, 336 (6085), 1124-1128.

[10] Malhotra, A., Mcinnis, M., Anderson, J., and Zhai, L., 2013, “Stimuli‐Responsive Conjugated Polymers: From Electronic Noses to Artificial Muscles” in Intelligent Stimuli‐Responsive Materials, Eds., Li, Q., Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, 423–470.

[11] Sanna, R., Fortunati, E., Alzari, V., Nuvoli, D., Terenzi, A., Casula, M.F., Kenny, J.M., and Mariani, A., 2013, Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) nanocomposites containing nanocrystalline cellulose: a green approach to thermoresponsive hydrogels, Cellulose, 20 (5), 2393–2402.

[12] Sorber, J., Steiner, G., Schulz, V., Guenther, M., Gerlach, G., Salzer, R., and Arndt, K.F., 2008, Hydrogel-based piezoresistive pH sensors: investigations using FT-IR attenuated total reflection spectroscopic imaging, Anal. Chem., 80 (8), 2957–2962.

[13] Granados‐Focil, S., 2015, “Stimuli-Responsive Polymers as Active Layers for Sensors” in Functional Polymer Coatings: Principles, Methods, and Applications, Eds., Wu, L., and Baghdachi, J., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 163–196.

[14] Lau, A.C.W., and Wu, C., 1999, Thermally sensitive and biocompatible poly(N-vinylcaprolactam): Synthesis and characterization of high molar mass linear chains, Macromolecules, 32 (3), 581–584.

[15] Maeda, Y., Nakamura, T., and Ikeda, I., 2002, Hydration and phase behavior of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) in water, Macromolecules, 35 (1), 217–222.

[16] Beija, M., Marty, J.D., and Destarac, M., 2011, Thermoresponsive poly(N-vinyl caprolactam)-coated gold nanoparticles: Sharp reversible response and easy tenability, Chem. Commun., 47 (10), 2826–2828.

[17] Cortez-Lemus, N.A., and Licea-Claverie, A., 2016, Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam), a comprehensive review on a thermoresponsive polymer becoming popular, Prog. Polym. Sci., 53, 1–51.

[18] Liu, J., Debuigne, A., Detrembleur, C., and Jérôme, C., 2014, Poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam): A thermoresponsive macromolecule with promising future in biomedical field, Adv. Healthcare Mater., 3 (12), 1941–1968.

[19] Imran, A.B., Esaki, K., Gotoh, H., Seki, T., Ito, K., Sakai, Y., and Takeoka, Y., 2014, Extremely stretchable thermosensitive hydrogels by introducing slide-ring polyrotaxane cross-linkers and ionic groups into the polymer network, Nat. Commun., 5, 1–8.

[20] Sun, J.Y., Zhao, X., Illeperuma, W.R., Chaudhuri, O., Oh, K.H., Mooney, D.J., Vlassak, J.J., and Suo, Z., 2012, Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels, Nature, 489 (7414), 133–136.

[21] Mohammed, M.N., Yusoh, K.B., and Shariffuddin, J.H.B.H., 2016, Methodized depiction of design of experiment for parameters optimization in synthesis of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) thermoresponsive polymers, Mater. Res. Express, 3 (12), 125302.

[22] Murphy, C.M., Haugh, M.G., and O'Brien, F.J., 2010, The effect of mean pore size on cell attachment, proliferation and migration in collagen–glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Biomaterials, 31 (3), 461–466.

[23] Rao, K.M., Rao, K.S.V.K., and Ha, C.S., 2016, Stimuli responsive poly(vinyl caprolactam) gels for biomedical applications, Gels, 2 (1), 6.

[24] Makhaeva, E.E., Thanh, L.T.M., Starodoubtsev, S.G., and Khokhlov, A.R., 1996, Thermoshrinking behavior of poly(vinylcaprolactam) gels in aqueous solution, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 197 (6), 1973–1982.

[25] Belyaev, A.K., Irschik, H., and Krommer, M., 2016, Mechanics and Model-based Control of Advanced Engineering Systems, Springer-Verlag Wien, New Delhi, India, 76.

[26] Kloxin, A.M., Kloxin, C.J., Bowman, C.N., and Anseth, K.S., 2010, Mechanical properties of cellularly responsive hydrogels and their experimental determination, Adv. Mater., 22 (31), 3484–3494.

[27] Schweikl, H., Hiller, K.A., Bolay, C., Kreissl, M., Kreismann, W., Nusser, A., Steinhauser, S., Wieczorek, J., Vasold, R., and Schmalz, G., 2005, Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of dental composite materials, Biomaterials, 26 (14), 1713–1719.

[28] Loos, W., Verbrugghe, S., Goethals, E.J., Du Prez, F.E., Bakeeva, I.V., and Zubov, V.P., 2003, Thermo‐responsive organic/inorganic hybrid hydrogels based on poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam), Macromol. Chem. Phys., 204 (1), 98–103.

[29] Gomes, M.E., Holtorf, H.L., Reis, R.L., and Mikos, A.G., 2006, Influence of the porosity of starch-based fiber mesh scaffolds on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells cultured in a flow perfusion bioreactor, Tissue Eng., 12 (4), 801–809.

[30] Gürses, A., 2015, Introduction to Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, U.S, 105.

[31] Alcântara, A.C.S., Darder, M., Aranda, P., Ayral, A., and Ruiz‐Hitzky, E., 2016, Bionanocomposites based on polysaccharides and fibrous clays for packaging applications, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 133 (2), 42362.

[32] Zhang, T., Yuan, Y., Cui, X., Yin, H., Gu, J., Huang, H., and Shu, J., 2018, Impact of side‐chain length on the phase structures of P3ATs and P3AT: PCBM films as revealed by SSNMR and FTIR, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 56 (9), 751–761.

[33] Lyon, R.E., Safronava, N., and Crowley, S., 2018, Thermal analysis of polymer ignition, Fire Mater., 42 (6), 668–679.

[34] Halligan, S.C., Dalton, M.B., Murray, K.A., Dong, Y., Wang, W., Lyons, J.G., and Geever, L.M., 2017, Synthesis, characterisation and phase transition behaviour of temperature-responsive physically crosslinked poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) based polymers for biomedical applications, Mater. Sci. Eng., C, 79, 130–139.

[35] Dimitriou, A., Hale, M.D., and Spear, M.J., 2018, The effect of pH on surface activation of wood polymer composites (WPCs) with hydrogen peroxide for improved adhesion, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 85, 44–57.

[36] Subramani, S., Choi, S.W., Lee, J.Y., and Kim, J.H., 2007, Aqueous dispersion of novel silylated (polyurethane-acrylic hybrid/clay) nanocomposite, Polymer, 48 (16), 4691–4703.

[37] Zhang, J., Wu, Q., Li, M.C., Song, K., Sun, X., Lee, S.Y., and Lei, T., 2017, Thermoresponsive copolymer poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) grafted cellulose nanocrystals: Synthesis, structure, and properties, ACS Sustainable Chem., 5 (8), 7439–7447.

[38] Ross, P., Escobar, G., Sevilla, G., and Quagliano, J., 2017, Micro and nanocomposites of polybutadienebased polyurethane liners with mineral fillers and nanoclay: thermal and mechanical properties, Open Chem., 15 (1), 46–52.

[39] Kalaivasan, N., and Syed Shafi, S., 2017, Enhancement of corrosion protection effect in mechanochemically synthesized Polyaniline/MMT clay nanocomposites, Arabian J. Chem., 10 (Suppl 1), S127–S133.

[40] Sarkar, S., Datta, S.C., and Biswas, D.R., 2014, Synthesis and characterization of nanoclay–polymer composites from soil clay with respect to their water‐holding capacities and nutrient‐release behaviour, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 131 (6), 39951.

[41] Gun’ko, V.M., Savina, I.N., and Mikhalovsky, S.V., 2017, Properties of water bound in hydrogels, Gels, 3 (4), 37.

[42] Fecchio, B.D., Valandro, S.R., Neumann, M.G., and Cavalheiro, C., 2016, Thermal decomposition of polymer/montmorillonite nanocomposites synthesized in situ on a clay surface, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 27 (2), 278-284.

[43] Shahabadi, S.I.S., and Garmabi, H., 2014, Qualitative assessment of nanoclay dispersion using thermogravimetric analysis: A response surface study, J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., 27 (4), 498–517.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.40872