Chemical Reduction Behavior of Zirconia Doped to Nickel at Different Temperature in Carbon Monoxide Atmosphere

Norliza Dzakaria; Maratun Najiha Abu Tahari; Fairous Salleh; Alinda Samsuri; Masitah Abdul Halim Azizi; Tengku Shafazila Tengku Saharuddin; Muhammad Rahimi Yusop; Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak; Mohamed Wahab Mohamed Hisham; Mohd Ambar Yarmo

doi:10.22146/ijc.40891

Chemical Reduction Behavior of Zirconia Doped to Nickel at Different Temperature in Carbon Monoxide Atmosphere

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.40891

Norliza Dzakaria^(1*), Maratun Najiha Abu Tahari⁽²⁾, Fairous Salleh⁽³⁾, Alinda Samsuri⁽⁴⁾, Masitah Abdul Halim Azizi⁽⁵⁾, Tengku Shafazila Tengku Saharuddin⁽⁶⁾, Muhammad Rahimi Yusop⁽⁷⁾, Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak⁽⁸⁾, Mohamed Wahab Mohamed Hisham⁽⁹⁾, Mohd Ambar Yarmo⁽¹⁰⁾

(1) School of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, Pekan Parit Tinggi, 72000 Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
(2) Catalyst Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
(3) Catalyst Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
(4) Department of Chemistry, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
(5) Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
(6) Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia
(7) Catalyst Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
(8) Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
(9) Catalyst Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
(10) Catalyst Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

The reduction behavior of nickel oxide (NiO) and zirconia (Zr) doped NiO (Zr/NiO) was investigated using temperature programmed reduction (TPR) using carbon monoxide (CO) as a reductant and then characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen absorption isotherm using BET technique and FESEM-EDX. The reduction characteristics of NiO to Ni were examined up to temperature 700 °C and continued with isothermal reduction by 40 vol. % CO in nitrogen. The studies show that the TPR profile of doped NiO slightly shifts to a higher temperature as compared to the undoped NiO which begins at 387 °C and maximum at 461 °C. The interaction between ZrO₂ with Ni leads to this slightly increase by 21 to 56 °C of the reduction temperature. Analysis using XRD confirmed, the increasing percentage of Zr from 5 to 15% speed up the reducibility of NiO to Ni at temperature 550 °C. At this temperature, undoped NiO and 5% Zr/NiO still show some crystallinity present of NiO, but 15% Zr/NiO shows no NiO in crystalline form. Based on the results of physical properties, the surface area for 5% Zr/NiO and 15% Zr/NiO was slightly increased from 6.6 to 16.7 m²/g compared to undoped NiO and for FESEM-EDX, the particles size also increased after doped with Zr on to NiO where 5% Zr/NiO particles were 110 ± 5 nm and 15% Zr/NiO 140 ± 2 nm. This confirmed that the addition of Zr to NiO has a remarkable chemical effect on complete reduction NiO to Ni at low reduction temperature (550 °C). This might be due to the formation of intermetallic between Zr/NiO which have new chemical and physical properties.

Keywords

nickel; carbon monoxide; zirconia; reduction; temperature programmed reduction

Full Text:

Full Text PDF

References

[1] Rahim, M.A.A., Hameed, R.M.A., and Khalil, M.W., 2004, Nickel as a catalyst for the electro-oxidation of methanol in alkaline medium, J. Power Sources, 134 (2), 160–169.

[2] Antolini, E., 2003, Formation of carbon-supported PtM alloys for low temperature fuel cells: A review, Mater. Chem. Phys., 78 (3), 563–573.

[3] Ostyn, K.M., and Carter, C.B., 1982, On the reduction of nickel oxide, Surf. Sci., 121 (3), 360–374.

[4] Syed-Hassan, S.S.A., and Li, C.Z., 2011, NiO reduction with hydrogen and light hydrocarbons: Contrast between SiO₂-supported and unsupported NiO nanoparticles, Appl. Catal., A, 398 (1-2), 187–194.

[5] Chatterjee, R., Banerjee, S., Banerjee, S., and Ghosh, D., 2012, Reduction of nickel oxide powder and pellet by hydrogen, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 65 (3), 265–273.

[6] Jeangros, Q., Hansen, T.W., Wagner, J.B., Damsgaard, C.D., Dunin-Borkowski, R.E., Hébert, C., Van Herle, J., and Hessler-Wyser, A., 2013, Reduction of nickel oxide particles by hydrogen studied in an environmental TEM, J. Mater. Sci., 48 (7), 2893–2907.

[7] Manukyan, K.V., Avetisyan, A.G., Shuck, C.E., Chatilyan, H.A., Rouvimov, S., Kharatyan, S.L., and Mukasyan, A.S., 2015, Nickel oxide reduction by hydrogen: Kinetics and structural transformations, J. Phys. Chem. C, 119 (28), 16131–16138.

[8] Liao, L., Mai, H.X., Yuan, Q., Lu, H.B., Li, J.C., Liu, C., Yan, C.H., Shen, Z.X., and Yu, T., 2008, Single CeO₂ nanowire gas sensor supported with Pt nanocrystals: Gas sensitivity, surface bond states, and chemical mechanism, J. Phys. Chem. C, 112 (24), 9061–9065.

[9] Koao, L.F., Swart, H.C., and Dejene, F.B., 2010, Effects of aluminum co-doping on photoluminescence properties of Ce³⁺-doped SiO₂ glasses, J. Rare Earths, 28 (Suppl. 1), 206–210.

[10] Laosiripojana, N., Sutthisripok, W., and Assabumrungrat, S., 2005, Synthesis gas production from dry reforming of methane over CeO₂ doped Ni/Al₂O₃: Influence of the doping ceria on the resistance toward carbon formation, Chem. Eng. J., 112 (1-3), 13–22.

[11] Mekhemer, G.A.H., 1998, Characterization of phosphated zirconia by XRD, Raman and IR spectroscopy, Colloids Surf., A, 141 (2), 227–235.

[12] Tanabe, K., 1985, Surface and catalytic properties of ZrO₂, Mater. Chem. Phys., 13 (3), 347–364.

[13] Salleh, F., Saharuddin, T.S.T., Samsuri, A., Othaman, R., and Yarmo, M.A., 2015, Effect of zirconia and nickel doping on the reduction behavior of tungsten oxide in carbon monoxide atmosphere, Int. J. Chem. Eng. Appl., 6 (6), 389–394.

[14] Brunauer, S., Emmett, P.H., and Teller, E., 1938, Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60 (2), 309–319.

[15] Wang, C., Yin, L., Zhang, L., Xiang, D., and Gao, R., 2010, Metal oxide gas sensors: sensitivity and influencing factors, Sensors, 10, 2088–2106.

[16] Pradhan, D., 2009, Unusual Phase Transformation Behavior of Amorphous Zirconia, Thesis, Department of Ceramic Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India.

[17] Namratha, K., and Byrappa, K., 2012, Novel solution routes of synthesis of metal oxide and hybrid metal oxide nanocrystals, Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. Mater., 58 (1), 14–42.

[18] Zielińska, K., Stankiewicz, A., and Szczygieł, I., 2012, Electroless deposition of Ni-P-nano-ZrO₂ composite coatings in the presence of various types of surfactants, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 377 (1), 362–367.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.40891