Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Al-Zarqa, Jordan
Reem Naser Dabaibeh(1*)
(1) Department Physics and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Al-Zarqa is experiencing challenges in industry conversion and extensive urbanization. The environmental quality of soil in the Al-Zarqa region was analyzed by Spatial analysis for the identification of sources and estimation of the concentration of heavy metals, which helped in the assessment of soil quality and heavy metal pollution. The reason for the elevation of heavy metal pollution is increased urbanization, industrialization, traffic, oil refinery emissions, and mixed anthropogenic sources in that region. The main objective of this research was to assess the ecological impact of heavy metals pollutants in the Al-Zarqa region. The concentrations of (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Fe) were estimated and compared with the existing literature. The distribution pattern of each metal was identified by spatial distribution analysis. Results revealed that metals concentration (Cd, Cr, and Ni) is higher, and the concentration of Pb, Zn, and Cu is less than the maximum allowed limits. Factor analysis identified the potential sources of heavy metals in the investigated area, and spatial distribution showed the geographical distribution of heavy metals over the study area. Consequently, it is better than showing only the individual point concentration without identifying their potential sources and their geographical variations.
Keywords
Full Text:
Full Text PDFReferences
[1] Li, Z., Ma, Z., van der Kuijp, T.J., Yuan, Z., and Huang, L., 2014, A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: Pollution and health risk assessment, Sci. Total Environ., 468-469, 843–853.
[2] El-Hasan, T., and Lataifeh, M., 2013, Field and dual magnetic susceptibility proxies for heavy metal pollution assessment in the urban soil of Al-Karak City, South Jordan, Environ. Earth Sci., 69 (7), 2299–2310.
[3] Fallahzadeh, R.A., Ghaneian, M.T., Miri, M., and Dashti, M.M., 2017, Spatial analysis and health risk assessment of heavy metals concentration in drinking water resources, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 24 (32), 24790-24802.
[4] Zhang, X.Y., Lin, F.F., Wong, M.T., Feng, X.L., and Wang, K., 2009, Identification of soil heavy metal sources from anthropogenic activities and pollution assessment of Fuyang County, China, Environ. Monit. Assess., 154 (1-4), 439.
[5] Gao, X., and Chen, C.T.A., 2012, Heavy metal pollution status in surface sediments of the coastal Bohai Bay, Water Res., 46 (6), 1901–1911.
[6] Wang, S.L., Xu, X.R., Sun, Y.X., Liu, J.L., and Li, H.B., 2013, Heavy metal pollution in coastal areas of South China: A review, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 76 (1-2), 7–15.
[7] Ipeaiyeda, A.R., and Ayoade, A.R., 2017, Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of heavy metals in aqueous solution and surface water preceded by co-precipitation procedure with copper(II) 8-hydroxyquinoline, Appl. Water Sci., 7 (8), 4449–4459.
[8] Shan, Y., Tysklind, M., Hao, F., Ouyang, W., Chen, S., and Lin, C., 2013, Identification of sources of heavy metals in agricultural soils using multivariate analysis and GIS, J. Soils Sediments, 13 (4), 720–729.
[9] Gworek, B., Dmuchowski, W., Koda, E., Marecka, M., Baczewska, A.H., Brągoszewska, P., and Osiński, P, 2016, Impact of the municipal solid waste Łubna landfill on environmental pollution by heavy metals, Water, 8 (10), 470.
[10] Naser, H.A., 2013, Assessment and management of heavy metal pollution in the marine environment of the Arabian Gulf: A review, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 72 (1), 6–13.
[11] Yaseen, I.A.B., and Al-Hawari, Z., 2015, Assessment of heavy metal pollution of surface sediments in Wadi Shu'ayb, Jordan, Jordan J. Civ. Eng., 9 (3), 303–313.
[12] Al-Khashman, O.A., 2013, Assessment of heavy metals contamination in deposited street dusts in different urbanized areas in the city of Ma’an, Jordan, Environ. Earth Sci., 70 (6), 2603–2612.
[13] Li, F., Huang, J., Zeng, G., Yuan, X., Li, X., Liang, J., Wang, X., Tang, X., and Bai, B., 2013, Spatial risk assessment and sources identification of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Dongting Lake, Middle China, J. Geochem. Explor., 132, 75–83.
[14] Pan, H., Lu, X., and Lei, K., 2017, A comprehensive analysis of heavy metals in urban road dust of Xi'an, China: Contamination, source apportionment and spatial distribution, Sci. Total Environ., 609, 1361–1369.
[15] Al-Najjar, T., Al-Momani, R., Khalaf, M., Wahsha, M., Sbaihat, M., Khalaf, N., Khandra, K.A., and Magames, H., 2016, Levels of heavy metals in fishes (Cheilinus trilobatus) from the Gulf of Aqaba, Jordan, Nat. Sci., 8 (6), 256–263.
[16] Abderahman, N., and Abu-Rukah, Y.H., 2006, An assessment study of heavy metal distribution within soil in upper course of Zarqa River basin/Jordan, Environ. Geol., 49 (8), 1116–1124.
[17] Linnik, V.G., Minkina, T.M., Bauer, T.V., Saveliev, A.A., and Mandzhieva, S.S., 2019, Geochemical assessment and spatial analysis of heavy metals pollution around coal-fired power station, Environ. Geochem. Health, 2019, s10653-019-00361-z.
[18] Barbeş, L., Bărbulescu, A., Rădulescu, C., Stihi, C., and Chelarescu, E.D., 2014, Determination of heavy metals in leaves and bark of Populus nigra L. by atomic absorption spectrometry, Rom. Rep. Phys., 66 (3), 877–886.
[19] Soodan, R.K., Pakade, Y.B., Nagpal, A., and Katnoria, J.K., 2014, Analytical techniques for estimation of heavy metals in soil ecosystem: A tabulated review, Talanta, 125, 405–410.
[20] Al-Taani, A.A., Batayneh, A.T., El-Radaideh, N., Ghrefat, H., Zumlot, T., Al-Rawabdeh, A.M., Al-Momani, T., and Taani, A., 2015, Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of trace metals in surface sediments of Ziqlab reservoir, Jordan, Environ. Monit. Assess., 187 (2), 32.
[21] Massadeh, A.M., and Al-Massaedh, A.A.T., 2018, Determination of heavy metals in canned fruits and vegetables sold in Jordan market, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 25 (2), 1914–1920.
[22] Guo, G., Wu, F., Xie, F., and Zhang, R., 2012, Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in urban soils from southwest China, J. Environ. Sci., 24 (3), 410–418.
[23] Xie, Y., Chen, T., Lei, M., Yang, J., Guo, Q., Song, B., and Zhou, X.Y., 2011, Spatial distribution of soil heavy metal pollution estimated by different interpolation methods: Accuracy and uncertainty analysis, Chemosphere, 82 (3), 468–476.
[24] Alloway, B.J., 1990, “Soil processes and behaviour of metals” in Heavy Metals in Soil, Eds. Alloway, B. J., Blackie and Son Ltd., London, 7–28.
[25] Li, K., Gu, Y., Li, M., Zhao, L., Ding, J., Lun, Z., and Tian, W., 2018, Spatial analysis, source identification and risk assessment of heavy metals in a coal mining area in Henan, Central China, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 128, 148–154.
[26] Al-Khashman, O.A., 2004, Heavy metal distribution in dust, street dust and soils from the work place in Karak Industrial Estate, Jordan, Atmos. Environ., 38 (39), 6803–6812.
[27] Jaradat, Q.M., Masadeh, A., Zaitoun, M.A., and Maitah, B.M., 2005, Heavy metal contamination of soil, plant and air of scrapyard of discarded vehicles at Zarqa city, Jordan, Soil Sediment Contam., 14 (5), 449–462.
[28] Lü, J., Jiao, W.B., Qiu, H.Y., Chen, B., Huang, X.X., and Kang, B., 2018, Origin and spatial distribution of heavy metals and carcinogenic risk assessment in mining areas at You'xi County southeast China, Geoderma, 310, 99–106.
[29] Banat, K.M., Howari, F.M., and Al-Hamad, A.A., 2005, Heavy metals in urban soils of central Jordan: Should we worry about their environmental risks?, Environ. Res., 97, 258–273.
[30] Al-Khashman, O.A., and Shawabkeh, R.A., 2006, Metals distribution in soils around the cement factory in southern Jordan, Environ. Pollut., 140 (3), 387–394.
[31] Pourjavid, M.R., Arabieh, M., Sehat, A.A., Rezaee, M., Hosseini, M.H., Yousefi, S.R., and Jamali, M.R., 2014, Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in natural samples after column graphene oxide-based solid phase extraction using 4-Acetamidothiophenol, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 25 (11), 2063–2072.
[32] Al-Omari, A., Farhan, I., Kandakji, T., and Jibril, F., 2019, Zarqa River pollution: Impact on its quality, J. Environ. Monit. Assess., 191 (3), 166.
[33] Wedyan, M., Al Harahsheh, A., Muhaidat, R., Bsoul, E., and Qnais, E., 2016, Cd and Fe concentrations of the surface water of a stream in Jordan, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 25 (6), 2617–2621.
[34] USEPA, 2004, Soil and waste pH, method 9045D. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
[35] Al-Momani, I.F., and Shatnawi, W.M., 2017, Chemical characterization and source determination of trace elements in PM2.5 and PM10 from an urban area, Northern Jordan, Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal., 5 (4), 103–108.
[36] Howari, F.M., Abu-Rukah, Y., and Goodell, P.C., 2004, Heavy metal pollution of soils along North Shuna-Aqaba Highway, Jordan, Int. J. Environ. Pollut., 22 (5), 597–607.
[37] Yay, D.O., Alagha, O., and Tuncel, G., 2008, Multivariate statistics to investigate metal contamination in surface soil, J. Environ. Manage., 86 (4), 581–594.
[38] Nadal, M., Schuhmacher, M., and Domingo, J.L., 2007, Levels of metals, PCBs, PCNs and PAHs in soils of a highly industrialized chemical/petrochemical area: Temporal trend, Chemosphere, 66 (2), 267–276.
[39] Al-Shatnawi, S.Y., 2003, Geochemical study of selected toxic heavy metals associated with oil refinery in Al-Hashimeya area, North Jordan, Thesis, Yarmouk University, Jordan.
[40] Momani, K.A., Jaradat, Q.M., Jbarah, A.Q., Omari, A.A., and Al-Momani, I.F., 2002, Water soluble species and heavy metal contamination of the petroleum refinery area, Jordan, J. Environ. Monit., 4 (6), 990–996.
[41] Zhang, C., 2006, Using multivariate analysis and GIS to identify pollutants and their patterns in urban soils in Galway, Ireland, Environ. Pollut., 142 (3), 501–511.
[42] Ghrefat, H.A., Abu-Rukah, Y., and Rosen, M.A., 2011, Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Kafrain Dam, Jordan, Environ. Monit. Assess., 178 (1), 95–109.
[43] DOS, 2006, Statistical Yearbook, Department of Statistics, Jordan.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.58304
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 2430 | views : 1670Copyright (c) 2021 Indonesian Journal of Chemistry
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry (ISSN 1411-9420 /e-ISSN 2460-1578) - Chemistry Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.
View The Statistics of Indones. J. Chem.