Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation of Clove (Syzgium aromaticum) Stem Oil: Optimization and Chemical Constituents Analysis

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.64521

Haqqyana Haqqyana(1), Ali Altway(2), Mahfud Mahfud(3*)

(1) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
(3) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


One of the extensively prosperous potential aromatic plants is the clove (Syzgium aromaticum). This is owing to all parts of this plant (bud, stem, and leaves) contain a decent amount of essential oils. The current study focuses on the use of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MHD) in extracting clove stem essential oils. This study aims to obtain the best possible combination of operating parameters for a high yield of clove stem oil using response surface methodology. The current study adopted a face-centered central composite design to optimize the MHD operational parameters, including the feed-to-solvent ratio, microwave power, and extraction time. The observed data from the experiments were fitted to a reduced quadratic polynomial equation. The three operational parameters were shown to significantly affect the extraction yield of the clove stem oil (p  < 0.05), yet the statistical significance for the interaction between each parameter was considerably weak. Furthermore, the adjusted R2 value measured comparably to the corresponding R2 value with the difference below 0.2, implying a high correlation between experimental and model-predicted data. Thus, this result demonstrates the suitability of the model used in the experiment.

Keywords


face-centered central composite design; microwave-assisted hydrodistillation; reduced quadratic model; clove oil; Syzgium aromaticum

Full Text:

Full Text PDF


References

[1] Aydın, B., and Barbas, L.A.L., 2020, Sedative and anesthetic properties of essential oils and their active compounds in fish: A review, Aquaculture, 520, 734999.

[2] Tian, B.L., Liu, Q.Z., Liu, Z.L., Li, P., and Wang, J.W., 2015, Insecticidal potential of clove essential oil and its constituents on Cacopsylla chinensis (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in laboratory and field, J. Econ. Entomol., 108 (3), 957–961.

[3] Jeyakumar, N., and Narayanasamy, B., 2019, Clove as antioxidant additive in diesel–biodiesel fuel blends in diesel engines, Int. J. Green Energy, 16 (4), 284–292.

[4] Kuete, V., 2017, Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa Therapeutic Potential Against Metabolic, Inflammatory, Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Academic Press, Amsterdam.

[5] Nurdjannah, N., 2016, Diversifikasi penggunaan cengkeh, Perspektif, 3 (2), 61–70.

[6] Hu, Q., Zhou, M., and Wei, S., 2018, Progress on the antimicrobial activity research of clove oil and eugenol in the food antisepsis field, J. Food Sci., 83 (6), 1476–1483.

[7] Kaur, K., Kaushal, S., and Rani, R., 2019, Chemical composition, antioxidant and antifungal potential of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil, its major compound and its derivatives, J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants, 22 (5), 1195–1217.

[8] Guan, W., Li, S., Yan, R., Tang, S., and Quan, C., 2007, Comparison of essential oils of clove buds extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide and other three traditional extraction methods, Food Chem., 101 (4), 1558–1564.

[9] Rastuti, U., Diastuti, H., Chasani, M., Purwati, and Hidayatullah, R., 2020, Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of citronella essential oil Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle fractions, AIP Conf. Proc., 2237, 020035.

[10] Golmakani, M.T., and Moayyedi, M., 2016, Comparison of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and solvent-less microwave extraction of essential oil from dry and fresh Citruslimon (Eureka variety) peel, J. Essent. Oil Res., 28 (4), 272–282.

[11] Kusuma, H.S., Putri, D.K., Triesty, I., and Mahfud, M., 2019, Comparison of microwave hydro-distillation and solvent-free microwave extraction for extraction of agarwood oil, Chiang Mai J. Sci., 46 (4), 741–755.

[12] Marković, M.S., Milojević, S., Bošković-Vragolović, N.M., Pavićević, V.P., Babincev, L., and Veljković, V.B., 2019, A new kinetic model for the common juniper essential oil extraction by microwave hydro-distillation, Chin. J. Chem. Eng., 27 (3), 605–612.

[13] Veggi, P.C., Martinez, J., and Meireles, MAA, 2013, “Fundamentals of Microwave Extraction” in Microwave-assisted Extraction for Bioactive Compounds, Eds. Chemat, F., and Cravotto, G., Springer, US, 15–52.

[14] Abedi, A.S., Rismanchi, M., Shahdoostkhany, M., Mohammadi, A., and Mortazavian, A.M., 2017, Microwave-assisted extraction of Nigella sativa L. essential oil and evaluation of its antioxidant activity, J. Food Sci. Technol., 54 (12), 3779–3790.

[15] Ma’sum, Z., Kusuma, H.S., Altway, A., and Mahfud, M., 2019, On the effect of the ratio of the distiler volume and that of the microwave cavity on the extraction of Cymbopogon nardus dried leaves by microwave hydro-distillation, J. Chem. Technol. Metall., 54 (4), 778–786.

[16] AOAC, 2005, Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th Ed., AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Official Method 942.05.

[17] AOAC, 2005, Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th Ed., AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Official Method 978.04.

[18] Kusuma, H.S., Syahputra, M.E., Parasandi, D., Altway, A., and Mahfud, M., 2017, Optimization of microwave hydro-distillation of dried patchouli leaves by response surface methodology, Rasayan J. Chem., 10 (3), 861–865.

[19] Kiliç, M., Pütün, A.E., Uzun, B.B., and Pütün, E., 2014, Converting of oil shale and biomass into liquid hydrocarbons via pyrolysis, Energy Convers. Manage., 78, 461–467.

[20] Ketaren, S., 1985, Pengantar Teknologi Minyak Atsiri, Balai Pustaka, Jakarta.

[21] Myers, R.H., Montgomery, DC, and Anderson-Cook, C.M., 2016, Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments, 4th Ed., Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey.

[22] Anderson, M.J., and Whitcomb, P.J., 2016, RSM Simplified: Optimizing Processes Using Response Surface Methods for Design of Experiments, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

[23] Belhachat, D., Mekimene, L., Belhachat, M., Ferradji, A., and Aid, F., 2018, Application of response surface methodology to optimize the extraction of essential oil from ripe berries of Pistacia lentiscus using ultrasonic pretreatment, J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants, 9, 132–140.

[24] Maran, J.P., Manikandan, S., Vigna Nivetha, C., and Dinesh, R., 2017, Ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Nephelium lappaceum L. fruit peel using central composite face centered response surface design, Arabian J. Chem., 10, S1145–S1157.

[25] Mason, R.L., Gunst, R.F., and Hess, J.L., 2003, Statistical Design and Analysis of Experiments, with Applications to Engineering and Science, 2nd Ed., Wiley-Interscience, New Jersey.

[26] Ameer, K., Shahbaz, H.M., and Kwon, J.H., 2017, Green extraction methods for polyphenols from plant matrices and their byproducts: A review, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 16 (2), 295–315.

[27] Singh, N., Shrivastava, P., and Shah, M., 2014, Microwave-assisted extraction of lemongrass essential oil: Study of the influence of extraction method and process parameters on extraction process, J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 6 (11), 385–389.

[28] Liu, B., Fu, J., Zhu, Y., and Chen, P., 2018, Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of essential oil from lavender using response surface methodology, J. Oleo Sci., 67 (10), 1327–1337.

[29] Tran, T., Nguyen, H., Nguyen, D., Nguyen, T., Tan, H., Nhan, L., Nguyen, D., Tran, L., Do, S., and Nguyen, T., 2018, Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of essential oil from Vietnamese basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) using response surface methodology, Processes, 6 (11), 206.

[30] Ballard, T.S., Mallikarjunan, P., Zhou, K., and O’Keefe, S., 2010, Microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic antioxidant compounds from peanut skins, Food Chem., 120 (4), 1185–1192.

[31] Rostagno, M.A., and Prado, J.M., 2013, Natural Product Extraction: Principles and Applications, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.

[32] Desai, M.A., and Parikh, J., 2012, Microwave assisted extraction of essential oil from Cymbopogon flexuosus (steud.) Wats.: A parametric and comparative study, Sep. Sci. Technol., 47 (13), 1963–1970.

[33] Alara, O.R., Abdurahman, N.H., Ukaegbu, C.I., and Azhari, N.H., 2018, Vernonia cinerea leaves as the source of phenolic compounds, antioxidants, and anti-diabetic activity using microwave-assisted extraction technique, Ind. Crops Prod., 122, 533–544.

[34] Guenther, E., 1950, The Essential Oils: Vol. 4: Individual Essential Oils of the Plant Families Gramineae, Lauraceae, Burseraceae, Myrtaceae, Umbelliferae and Geraniaceae, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York.

[35] Gaylor, R., Michel, J., Thierry, D., Panja, R., Fanja, F., and Pascal, D., 2014, Bud, leaf and stem essential oil composition of Syzygium aromaticum from Madagascar, Indonesia and Zanzibar, Int. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 3 (3), 224–233.

[36] Boughendjioua, H., 2018, Essential Oil composition of Syzygium aromaticum (L.), Int. Res. J. Pharm. Med. Sci., 1 (3), 26–28.

[37] Kennouche, A., Benkaci-Ali, F., Scholl, G., and Eppe, G., 2015, Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata cloves extracted by conventional and microwave techniques, J. Biol. Act. Prod. Nat., 5 (1), 1–11.

[38] Golmakani, M.T., Zare, M., and Razzaghi, S., 2017, Eugenol enrichment of clove bud essential oil using different microwave-assisted distillation methods, Food Sci. Technol. Res., 23 (3), 385–394.

[39] Wang, F., Teng, Z., Liu, D., Wang, Y., Lou, J., and Dong, Z., 2020, β-Caryophyllene liposomes attenuate neurovascular unit damage after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats, Neurochem. Res., 45 (8), 1758–1768.

[40] Sköld, M., Karlberg, A.T., Matura, M., and Börje, A., 2006, The fragrance chemical β-caryophyllene - Air oxidation and skin sensitization, Food Chem. Toxicol., 44 (4), 538–545.

[41] Sałata, A., Buczkowska, H., and Nurzyńska-Wierdak, R., 2020, Yield, essential oil content, and quality performance of Lavandula angustifolia leaves, as affected by supplementary irrigation and drying methods, Agriculture, 10 (12), 590.

[42] Safrudin, I., Maimulyanti, A., and Prihadi, A.R., 2015, Effect of crushing of clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum) and distillation rate on main constituents of the essential oil, Am. J. Essent. Oils Nat. Prod., 2 (3), 12–15.

[43] Hastuti, L.T., Saepudin, E., Cahyana, A.H., Rahayu, D.U.C., Murni, V.W., and Haib, J., 2017, The influence of sun drying process and prolonged storage on composition of essential oil from clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum), AIP Conf. Proc., 1862, 030092.

[44] Tran, T.H., Nguyen, D.C., Phu, T.N.N., Ho, V.T.T., Vo, D.V.N., Bach, L.G., and Nguyen, T.D., 2019, Research on lemongrass oil extraction technology (hydro-distillation, microwave-assisted hydro-distillation), Indones. J. Chem., 19 (4), 1000-1007.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.64521

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 3072 | views : 2724


Copyright (c) 2021 Indonesian Journal of Chemistry

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

 


Indonesian Journal of Chemistry (ISSN 1411-9420 /e-ISSN 2460-1578) - Chemistry Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.

Web
Analytics View The Statistics of Indones. J. Chem.