Phytochemical Profiling of  Gynura procumbens  (Lour.) Merr. Leaves and Stem Extracts Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS

Dewi Anggraini Septaningsih; Cecep Abdurohman Putra; Irma Herawati Suparto; Suminar Setiati Achmadi; Rudi Heryanto; Mohamad Rafi

doi:10.22146/ijc.74236

Phytochemical Profiling of Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. Leaves and Stem Extracts Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.74236

Dewi Anggraini Septaningsih⁽¹⁾, Cecep Abdurohman Putra⁽²⁾, Irma Herawati Suparto⁽³⁾, Suminar Setiati Achmadi⁽⁴⁾, Rudi Heryanto⁽⁵⁾, Mohamad Rafi^(6*)

(1) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Jl. Tanjung Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; Advanced Research Laboratory, Institute of Research and Community Services, IPB University, Jl. Palem Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Jl. Tanjung Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
(3) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Jl. Tanjung Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center-Institute of Research and Community Services, IPB University, Jl. Taman Kencana No. 3, Kampus IPB Taman Kencana, Bogor 16128, Indonesia; Primate Research Center, Institute of Research and Community Services, IPB University, Jl. Lodaya II No. 5 Kampus IPB Lodaya, Bogor 16151, Indonesia
(4) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Jl. Tanjung Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center-Institute of Research and Community Services, IPB University, Jl. Taman Kencana No. 3, Kampus IPB Taman Kencana, Bogor 16128, Indonesia
(5) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Jl. Tanjung Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; Advanced Research Laboratory, Institute of Research and Community Services, IPB University, Jl. Palem Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center-Institute of Research and Community Services, IPB University, Jl. Taman Kencana No. 3, Kampus IPB Taman Kencana, Bogor 16128, Indonesia
(6) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Jl. Tanjung Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; Advanced Research Laboratory, Institute of Research and Community Services, IPB University, Jl. Palem Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center-Institute of Research and Community Services, IPB University, Jl. Taman Kencana No. 3, Kampus IPB Taman Kencana, Bogor 16128, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

In Indonesia, Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr., known as Longevity Spinach or Sambung Nyawa, is commonly grown in tropical and subtropical Asian countries. Many biological activities of G. procumbens have been reported. As we know, the composition and concentration of metabolites, as well as plant parts will significantly affect the biological activities. In this work, UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS was used for the putative identification of metabolites present in 70% ethanol extract of G. procumbens leaves and stem extract. Also, we performed clustering of G. procumbens leaves and stem extracts using principal component analysis (PCA) with the peak area of the identified metabolites as the variable. Thirty-one metabolites were identified, and the number of identified peaks in the leaves is higher than in the stem. Those identified metabolites are phenolics, fatty acids, oxo monocarboxylic acids, porphyrins, and chlorophyll fragments. The PCA results showed that the leaves and stem extracts could be grouped, indicating that the composition and concentration of detected compounds differed.

Keywords

Gynura procumbens; metabolomics; phytochemical profiling; UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS

Full Text:

Full Text PDF

References

[1] Akhi, T.M.N., Adib, M., Islam, Q.S., Sultana, I., Haider, R., and Ibrahim, M., 2019, Preliminary phytochemical screening and assessment of pharmacological activities of leaves and stems of Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr, Bangladesh Pharm. J., 22 (1), 79–84.

[2] Ashraf, K., Halim, H., Lim, M.S., Ramasamy, K., and Sultan, S., 2020, In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative studies of four different extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus, Gynura procumbens and Ficus deltoidea, Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 27 (1), 417-432.

[3] Tristantini, D., Setiawan, H., and Santoso, L.L., 2021, Feasibility assessment of an encapsulated longevity spinach (Gynura procumbens L.) extract plant in Indonesia, Appl. Sci., 11 (9), 4093.

[4] Manogaran, M., Lim, V., and Mohamed, R., 2019, Phytoconstituents of the Gynura procumbens ethanol leaf extract and its fractions and their effects on viability of macrophages, J. HerbMed Pharmacol., 8 (3), 224–230.

[5] Chandradevan, M., Simoh, S., Mediani, A., Ismail, N.H., Ismail, I.S., and Abas, F, 2020, UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS analysis of biologically active extracts from Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. and Cleome gynandra L. leaves, Evidence-Based Complementary Altern. Med., 2020, 3238561.

[6] Siregar, D.R., and Silitonga, P.M., 2021, The effect of sambung nyawa leaf extract (Gynura Procumbens) on albumin and globulin of rats (Rattus novergicus) serum induced by E. coli bacteria, IJCST, 4 (1), 29–33.

[7] Zoyane, S., Chen, L., Xu, M.J., Gong, Z.N., Xu, S., and Makunga, N.P., 2019, Geographic-based metabolomic variation and toxicity analysis of Sutherlandia frutescens L. R.Br. – An emerging medicinal crop in South Africa, Ind. Crops Prod., 133, 414–423.

[8] Rafi, M., Handayani, F., Darusman, L.K., Rohaeti, E., Wahyu, Y., Sulistiyani, S., Honda, K., and Putri, S.P., 2018, A combination of simultaneous quantiﬁcation of four triterpenes and ﬁngerprint analysis using HPLC for rapid identiﬁcation of Centella asiatica from its related plants and classiﬁcation based on cultivation ages, Ind. Crops Prod., 122, 93–97.

[9] Ng, Z.X., Yong, P.H., and Lim, S.Y., 2020, Customized drying treatments increased the extraction of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity from economically viable medicinal plants, Ind. Crops Prod., 155, 112815.

[10] Llorent-Martínez, E.J., Zengin, G., Sinan, K.I., Polat, R., Canlı, D., Picot-Allain, M.C.N., and Mahomoodally, M.F., 2020, Impact of different extraction solvents and techniques on the biological activities of Cirsiumy ildizianum (Asteraceae: Cynareae), Ind. Crops Prod., 144, 112033.

[11] Guo, N., Yang, D., Liu, C., Yan, H., Yang, X., Wang, X., and Fan, B., 2020, Metabolite profiling of Huaiyang Medicago polymorpha with different mowing crops, Nat. Prod. Res., 34 (15), 2238–2242.

[12] Septaningsih, D.A., Putra, C.A., Suparto, I.H., Achmadi, S.S., Heryanto, R., and Rafi, M., 2021, Phytochemical profiling of Gynura procumbens leaves and stem extracts using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, https://icics2021.unram.ac.id/ics/abstracts?page=6, accessed on 29^th November 2021.

[13] Ningsih, R., Rafi, M., Tjahjoleksono, A., Bintang, M., and Megia, R., 2021, Ripe pulp metabolite profiling of ten Indonesian dessert banana cultivars using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, Eur. Food Res. Technol., 247 (11), 2821–2830.

[14] Cai, R., Li, Y., Clément, Y., Li, D., Dubois, C., Fabre, M., Besson, L., Perrier, S., George, C., Ehn, M., Huang, C., Yi, P., Ma, Y., and Riva, M., 2021, Orbitool: A software tool for analyzing online orbitrap mass spectrometry data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14 (3), 2377–2387.

[15] Cook-Botelho, J.C., Bachmann, L.M., and French, D., 2017, “Chapter 10 - Steroid Hormones” in Mass Spectrometry for the Clinical Laboratory, Eds. Nair, H., and Clarke, W., Academic Press, San Diego, US, 205-230.

[16] Kumar, B.R., 2017., Application of HPLC and ESI-MS techniques in the analysis of phenolic acids and flavonoids from green leafy vegetables (GLVs), J. Pharm. Anal., 7 (6), 349–364.

[17] Nićiforović, N., and Abramovič, H., 2013, Sinapic acid and its derivatives: Natural sources and bioactivity, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 13 (1), 34–51.

[18] Pei, K., Ou, J., Huang, J., and Ou, S., 2015, p-Coumaric acid and its conjugates: Dietary sources, pharmacokinetic properties and biological activities, J. Sci. Food Agric., 96 (9), 2952–2962.

[19] Espíndola, K., Ferreira, R.G., Narvaez, L., Silva Rosario, A., da Silva, A., Silva, A., Vieira, A., and Monteiro, C.M., 2019, Chemical and pharmacological aspects of caffeic acid and its activity in hepatocarcinoma, Front. Oncol., 9, 541.

[20] Kim, J.S., Ha, T.Y., Ahn, J., and Kim, S., 2014, Analysis and distribution of esculetin in plasma and tissues of rats after oral administration, Prev. Nutr. Food Sci., 19 (4), 321–336.

[21] Wan, C., Yu, Y., Zhou, S., Tian, S., and Cao, S., 2011, Isolation and identification of phenolic compounds from Gynura divaricata leaves, Pharmacogn. Mag., 7 (26), 101–108.

[22] Chen, F., Long, X., Liu, Z., Shao, H., and Liu, L., 2014, Analysis of phenolic acids of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) responding to salt-stress by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, Sci. World J., 2014, 568043.

[23] El Baaboua, A., El Maadoudi, M., Bouyahya, A., Belmehdi, O., Kounnoun, A., Zahli, R., and Abrini, J., 2018, Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of four organic acids used in chicks feed to control Salmonella typhimurium: Suggestion of amendment in the search standard, Int. J. Microbiol., 2018, 7352593.

[24] Tabassum, N., Lee, J.H., Yim, S.H., Batkhuu, G.J., Jung, D.W., and Williams, D.R., 2016, Isolation of 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid as a pigmentation inhibitor occurring in Artemisia capillaris Thunberg and its validation in vivo, Evidence-Based Complementary Altern. Med., 2016, 7823541.

[25] Plazonić, A., Bucar, F., Maleŝ, Ž., Mornar, A., Nigović, B., and Kujundẑić, N., 2009, Identification and quantification of flavonoids and phenolic acids in burr parsley (Caucalis platycarpos L.), using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Molecules, 14 (7), 2466–2490.

[26] Fu, B., Ji, X., Zhao, M., He, F., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Liu, P., and Niu, L., 2016, The influence of light quality on the accumulation of flavonoids in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 162, 544–549.

[27] Xiaofeng, Y., Shuang, Z., Li, Z., Dan, W., Xiaoman, F., and Zhen, O., 2019, Effect of frost on flavonol glycosides accumulation and antioxidant activities of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves, Pharmacogn. Mag., 15 (63), 466–472.

[28] Riaz, A., Rasul, A., Hussain, G., Zahoor, M.K., Jabeen, F., Subhani, Z., Younis, T., Ali, M., Sarfraz, I., and Selamoglu, Z., 2018, Astragalin: A bioactive phytochemical with potential therapeutic activities, Adv. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci., 2018, 9794625.

[29] Li, Z.H., Guo, H., Xu, W.B., Ge, J., Li, X., Alimu, M., and He, D.J., 2016, Rapid identification of flavonoid constituents directly from PTP1B inhibitive extract of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) leaves by HPLC–ESI–QTOF–MS-MS, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 54 (5), 805–810.

[30] Gupta, A., and Pandey, A.K., 2019, “Plant Secondary Metabolites with Hepatoprotective Efficacy” in Nutraceuticals and Natural Product Pharmaceuticals, Eds. Galanakis, C.M., Academic Press, Cambridge, US, 71–104.

[31] Li, K., Fan, H., Yin, P., Yang, L., Xue, Q., Li, X., Sun, L., and Liu, Y., 2018, Structure-activity relationship of eight high content flavonoids analyzed with a preliminary assign-score method and their contribution to antioxidant ability of flavonoids-rich extract from Scutellaria baicalensis shoots, Arabian J. Chem., 11 (2), 159–170.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.74236