Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) Based on Choline Chloride and Mono-, Di-, Poly-Ethylene Glycol as KI/I2 Electrolyte Solvents on DSSC Devices

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.82754

Adhitya Adhitya(1), Winda Rahmalia(2*), Intan Syahbanu(3), Gusrizal Gusrizal(4), Adhitiyawarman Adhitiyawarman(5)

(1) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tanjungpura University, Jl. Prof. Dr. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak 78124, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tanjungpura University, Jl. Prof. Dr. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak 78124, Indonesia
(3) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tanjungpura University, Jl. Prof. Dr. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak 78124, Indonesia
(4) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tanjungpura University, Jl. Prof. Dr. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak 78124, Indonesia
(5) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tanjungpura University, Jl. Prof. Dr. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak 78124, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Deep eutectic solvent (DES) has high viscosity and electrical conductivity values, so it can be used as an electrolyte solvent in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). This research was conducted to produce DES based on choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol-400, which were then used as KI/I2 couple redox electrolyte solvent to improve the DSSC performance. The synthesis was carried out by mixing each component in several variations of the mole fraction of ChCl (xCHCl) at 80 °C for 15 min, and then was characterized by their pH, freezing point, density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity. A mixture that meets the criteria as a eutectic solvent and has a freezing point of less than −18 °C with the highest electrical conductivity value is DES ChCl:EG with xChCl 0.3 and xChCl 0.4. Both DESs were then used as a solvent for KI/I2, combined with acetonitrile in various compositions. The electrolyte with the highest electrical conductivity value was KI/I2 dissolved in ChCl:EG with xChCl 0.3 solvent 6:4 v/v, and then employed in DSSC device. The best performance of DSSC (Isc= 0.155 mA/cm2; Voc=0.465 V; Pmax= 0.719 W; ηmax= 0.072%) was produced under a light intensity of 0.1 W/cm2.

Keywords


deep eutectic solvent; dye-sensitized solar cell; electrolyte; viscosity; electrical conductivity

Full Text:

Full Text PDF


References

[1] Iftikhar, I., Sonai, G.G., Hashmi, S.G., Nogueira, A.F., and Lund, P.D., 2019, Progress on electrolytes development in dye-sensitized solar cells, Materials, 12 (12), 1998.

[2] Rahmalia, W., Silalahi, I.H., Usman, T., Fabre, J.F., Mouloungui, Z., and Zissis, G., 2021, Stability, reusability, and equivalent circuit of TiO2/treated metakaolinite-based dye-sensitized solar cell: effect of illumination intensity on Voc and Isc values, Mater. Renewable Sustainable Energy, 10 (10), 10.

[3] Rahmalia, W., Septiani, S., Naselia, U.A., Usman, T., Silalahi, I.H., and Mouloungui, Z., 2021, Performance improvements of bixin and metal-bixin complexes sensitized solar cell by 1-methyl-3-propiylimidazolium iodide in electrolyte system, Indones. J. Chem., 21 (3), 669–678.

[4] Poletto Rodrigues, B., Limbach, R., Buzatto de Souza, G., Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H., and Wondraczek, L., 2019, Correlation between ionic mobility and plastic flow events in NaPO3-NaCl-Na2SO4 glasses, Front. Mater., 6, 128.

[5] Azmi, S., Koudahi, M.F., and Frackowiak, E., 2022, Reline deep eutectic solvent as a green electrolyte for electrochemical energy storage applications, Energy Environ. Sci., 15 (3), 1156–1171.

[6] Puttaswamy, R., Mondal, C., Mondal, D., and Ghosh, D., 2022, An account on the deep eutectic solvents-based electrolytes for rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors, Sustainable Mater.Technol., 33, e00477.

[7] Dong, P., Zhang, X., Han, K.S., Cha, Y., and Song, M.K., 2022, Deep eutectic solvent-based polymer electrolyte for solid-state lithium metal batteries, J. Energy Chem., 70, 363–372.

[8] Jhong, H.R., Wong, D.S.H., Wan, C.C., Wang, Y.Y., and Wei, T.C., 2009, A novel deep eutectic solvent-based ionic liquid used as electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells, Electrochem. Commun., 11 (1), 209–211.

[9] Boldrini, C.L., Quivelli, A.F., Manfredi, N., Capriati, V., and Abbotto, A., 2022, Deep eutectic solvents in solar energy technologies, Molecules, 27 (3), 709.

[10] Abbott, A.P., Harris, R.C., and Ryder, K.S., 2007, Application of hole theory to define ionic liquids by their transport properties, J. Phys. Chem. B, 111 (18), 4910–4913.

[11] Wang, D.D., Lu, Z.H., Yang, M.N.O., Guo, H.M., and Yang, Z.H., 2020, A choline chloride-ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent based on magnetic polydopamine with preconcentration and determination for sulfonyurea herbicides in water samples, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 31 (7), 1509–1517.

[12] Gu, P., Yang, D., Zhu, X., Sun, H., Wangyang, P., Li, J., and Tian, H., 2017, Influence of electrolyte proportion on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cell, AIP Adv., 7 910), 105219.

[13] Tomar, N., Agrawal, A., Dhaka, V.S., and Surolia, P.K., 2020, Ruthenium complexes based dye sensitized solar cells: Fundamentals and research trends, Sol. Energy, 207, 59–67.

[14] Rahmalia, W., Fabre, J.F., Usman, T., and Mouloungui, Z., 2016, Bixin Adsorption Characteristic on TiO2, Proceedings on the IRES 28th International Conference, 6th February 2016, Jakarta, Indonesia.

[15] Smith, E.L., Abbott, A.P., and Ryder, K.S., 2014, Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their applications, Chem. Rev., 114 (21), 11060–11082.

[16] Chang, S.H., Lin, H.T.V., Wu, G.J., and Tsai, G.J., 2015, pH Effects on solubility, zeta potential, and correlation between antibacterial activity and molecular weight of chitosan, Carbohydr. Polym., 134, 74–81.

[17] Roslan, A., Arbanah, M., Tukiman, N., Ibrahim, N.N., and Juanil, A.R., 2017, The effects of ethylene glycol to ultrapure water on its specific heat capacity and freezing point, J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 7 (7S), 54–60.

[18] MEGlobal, 2019, Diethylene Glycol: Product Guide, London, UK.

[19] Zhang, C., Pang, C., Mao, Y., and Tang, Z., 2022, Effect and mechanism of polyethylene glycol (PEG) used as a phase change composite on cement paste, Materials, 15 (8), 2749.

[20] Abdollahzadeh, M., Khosravi, M., Hajipour Khire Masjidi, B., Samimi Behbahan, A., Bagherzadeh, A., Shahkar, A., and Tat Shahdost, F., 2022, Estimating the density of deep eutectic solvents applying supervised machine learning techniques, Sci. Rep., 12 (1), 4954.

[21] Nuqui, J.P., Damalerio, R., Meas, S., Yem, S., and Soriano, A., 2021, Generalized Pitzer correlation for density calculations of ionic liquids, ASEAN J. Chem. Eng., 21 (1), 38–51.

[22] Haghbakhsh, R., Parvaneh, K., Raeissi, S., and Shariati, A., 2018, A general viscosity model for deep eutectic solvents: The free volume theory coupled with association equations of state, Fluid Phase Equilib., 470, 193–202.

[23] Zhang, Z., Huang, H., Ma, X., Li, G., Wang, Y., Sun, G., Teng, Y., Yan, R., Zhang, N., and Li, A., 2017, Production of diacylglycerols by esterification of oleic acid with glycerol catalyzed by diatomite loaded SO42−/TiO2, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 53, 307–316.

[24] Isono, T., Kamo, H., Ueda, A., Takahashi, K., Nakao, A., Kumai, R., Nakao, H., Kobayashi, K., Murakami, Y., and Mori, H., 2013, Hydrogen bond-promoted metallic state in a purely organic single-component conductor under pressure, Nat. Commun., 4 (1), 1344.

[25] Husraini, L., Zahrina, I., and Sunarno, S., 2020, The Aplikasi deep eutectic solvents (DESs) sebagai katalis pada sintesis emulsifier, JOM, 7 (1), 1–8.

[26] Bürger, P., and Riebel, U., 2022, High temperature coronas in air and flue gas from LPG combustion: Current-voltage characteristics, ion mobilities and free electrons, J. Electrostat., 115, 103676.

[27] Tayyari, S.F., Vakili, M., Nekoei, A.R., Rahemi, H., and Wang, Y.A., 2007, Vibrational assignment and structure of trifluorobenzoylacetone: A density functional theoretical study, Spectrochim. Acta, Part A, 66 (3), 626–636.

[28] Spiteri, L., Baisch, U., and Vella-Zarb, L., 2018, Correlations and statistical analysis of solvent molecule hydrogen bonding – A case study of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), CrystEngComm, 20 (9), 1291–1303.

[29] Nunno, S., Attachie, J.C., and Duah, F.N., 2012, An investigation into the causes and effects of voltage drops on an 11 kV feeder, Can. J. Electr. Electron. Eng., 3 (1), 40–47.

[30] Long, B., Zhao, D., and Liu, W., 2012, Thermodynamics studies on the solubility of inorganic salt in organic solvent: Application to KI in organic solvents and water-ethanol mixtures, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51 (28), 9456–9467.

[31] Xu, M., Wang, W., Zhong, Y., Xu, X., Wang, J., Zhou, W., and Shao, Z., 2019, Enhancing the triiodide reduction activity of a perovskite-based electrocatalyst for dye-sensitized solar cells through exsolved silver nanoparticles, J. Mater. Chem. A, 7 (29), 17489–17497.

[32] Tenny, K.M., and Keenaghan, M., 2022, Ohms Law, National Library of Medicine, StatPearls Publishing LLC, St. Petersburg, Florida, US.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.82754

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 2590 | views : 1513


Copyright (c) 2023 Indonesian Journal of Chemistry

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

 

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry (ISSN 1411-9420 /e-ISSN 2460-1578) - Chemistry Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.

Web Analytics View The Statistics of Indones. J. Chem.