Energy Efficiency of the Carbonate Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Microwave Heating Treatment and Its Effect on Material Characteristics

Saifuddin Aziz; Harno Dwi Pranowo; Ika Dewi Ana; Yusril Yusuf

doi:10.22146/ijc.88155

Energy Efficiency of the Carbonate Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Microwave Heating Treatment and Its Effect on Material Characteristics

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.88155

Saifuddin Aziz⁽¹⁾, Harno Dwi Pranowo^(2*), Ika Dewi Ana⁽³⁾, Yusril Yusuf⁽⁴⁾

(1) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
(3) Department of Dental Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; Research Collaboration Center for Biomedical Scaffolds National Research and Innovation Agency of Republic of Indonesia (BRIN) and Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
(4) Research Collaboration Center for Biomedical Scaffolds National Research and Innovation Agency of Republic of Indonesia (BRIN) and Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

This work aimed to study the energy efficiency of the synthesis process of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) nanoparticles using microwave heating treatment and its effect on material characteristics. Microwaves can provide heat quickly, so it is expected to increase the efficiency of CHA synthesis through the heat provided. The CHA nanoparticles were synthesized using precipitation and heated using a microwave oven. The unheated and hydrothermal-heated precipitation methods were also conducted for comparison purposes. The microwave-heated precipitations were done at 270 W for 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 h, while the hydrothermal-heated precipitations were done at 100 °C for 1, 2, and 3 h. The CHA materials were characterized using an infrared spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer, and electron microscope. The X-ray diffractogram and infrared spectra confirmed that the synthesized materials had a hydroxyapatite crystal phase with a CO₃²⁻ functional group in their spectra. Microscopic images revealed that the materials were nanometer-sized grain aggregates. The heat treatment and duration increased the material characteristics, i.e., crystallinity, crystallite, and grain size. The CHA with microwave heat treatment had the highest crystallinity and crystallite size. The electrical energy calculation revealed microwave heating had better energy efficiency than hydrothermal heating.

Keywords

carbonate; efficiency; hydroxyapatite; microwave; nanoparticles

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.88155