Metal Oxide for Fast Adsorption System in the Methylene Blue Removal

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.92617

Maria Ulfa(1*), Sukmaningrum Latifah Oktaviani(2), Bakti Mulyani(3), Novia Amalia Sholeha(4)

(1) Chemistry Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
(2) Magister of Chemistry Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
(3) Chemistry Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
(4) College of Vocational Studies, IPB University, Jl. Kumbang No. 14, Bogor 16151, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Rapid adsorption systems utilizing metal oxide-based materials represent a promising technology to address adsorption challenges, particularly for the effective removal of methylene blue (MB). These systems enhance the continuous MB elimination process by leveraging metal oxide (MO)-based adsorbents with high accessibility and optimized adsorption conditions. The preparation process involves selecting metal oxides with high surface area and strong adsorbate affinity, ensuring efficient interaction with MB. Process parameters such as adsorbent dosage, contact time, temperature, pH, initial concentration, waste volume, and pressure are modified to develop a rapid and sustainable system for MB removal. This configuration enables efficient application in water treatment, achieving faster and more effective MB degradation. Moreover, the scalability of MO-based adsorbents ensures low-cost production and broad applicability, further supporting sustainable waste management. This review critically evaluates experimental findings from various studies on MO-based materials in rapid adsorption systems, highlighting their potential for large-scale implementation in wastewater treatment to mitigate environmental pollution.

Keywords


metal oxide; methylene blue removal; rapid adsorption

Full Text:

Full Text PDF


References

[1] Liu, X., Wang, G., Zhi, H., Dong, J., Hao, J., Zhang, X., Wang, J., Li, D., and Liu, B., 2022, Synthesis of the porous ZnO nanosheets and TiO2/ZnO/FTO composite films by a low-temperature hydrothermal method and their applications in photocatalysis and electrochromism, Coatings, 12 (5), 695.

[2] Jamshaid, M., Khan, A.A., Ahmed, K., and Saleem, M., 2018, Heavy metal in drinking water its effect on human health and its treatment techniques – A review, Int. J. Biosci., 12 (4), 223–240.

[3] Ahmed, S., Ahmad, Z., Kumar, A., Rafiq, M., Vashistha, V.K., Ashiq, M.N., and Kumar, A., 2021, Effective removal of methylene blue using nanoscale manganese oxide rods and spheres derived from different precursors of manganese, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 155, 110121.

[4] Zhang, T., Li, W., Guo, Q., Wang, Y., and Li, C., 2022, Preparation of a heterogeneous catalyst CuO-Fe2O3/CTS-ATP and degradation of methylene blue and ciprofloxacin, Coatings, 12 (5), 559.

[5] Haider, S., Shar, S.S., Shakir, I., and Agboola, P.O., 2022, Visible light active Cu-doped iron oxide for photocatalytic treatment of methylene blue, Ceram. Int., 48 (6), 7605–7612.

[6] Karuppusamy, I., Samuel, M.S., Selvarajan, E., Shanmugam, S., Sahaya Murphin Kumar, P., Brindhadevi, K., and Pugazhendhi, A., 2021, Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of mixed calcium magnesium oxide (CaMgO2) nanoflakes for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 584, 770–778.

[7] ur Rehman, K., Zaman, U., Khan, D., and Khan, W.U., 2022, Surfactant assisted CuO/MCM-41 nanocomposite: Ultra efficient photocatalyst for degradation of methylene blue dye and inactivation of highly drug resistant bacteria, Mater. Chem. Phys., 277, 125454.

[8] Alam, M.W., Al Qahtani, H.S., Souayeh, B., Ahmed, W., Albalawi, H., Farhan, M., Abuzir, A., and Naeem, S., 2022, Novel copper-zinc-manganese ternary metal oxide nanocomposite as heterogeneous catalyst for glucose sensor and antibacterial activity, Antioxidants, 11 (6), 1064.

[9] Subaihi, A., and Naglah, A.M., 2022, Facile synthesis and characterization of Fe2O3 nanoparticles using L-lysine and L-serine for efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye, Arabian J. Chem., 15 (2), 103613.

[10] Shilpa, G., Mohan Kumar, P., Kishore Kumar, D., Deepthi, P.R., Sukhdev, A., and Bhaskar, P., 2022, A rutile phase-TiO2 film via a facile hydrothermal method for photocatalytic methylene blue dye decolourization, Mater. Today: Proc., 62, 5477–5482.

[11] Li, J., Han, L., Zhang, T., Qu, C., Yu, T., and Yang, B., 2022, Removal of methylene blue by metal oxides supported by oily sludge pyrolysis residues, Appl. Sci., 12 (9), 4725.

[12] Venkatesan, S., Suresh, S., Ramu, P., Kandasamy, M., Arumugam, J., Thambidurai, S., Prabu, K.M., and Pugazhenthiran, N., 2022, Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Euphorbia milii leaf constituents: Characterization and improved photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye under natural sunlight, J. Indian Chem. Soc., 99 (5), 100436.

[13] Ahmad, A., Khan, M., Khan, S., Luque, R., Abualnaja, K.M., Alduaij, O.K., and Yousef, T.A., 2022, Bio-construction of CuO nanoparticles using Texas sage plant extract for catalytical degradation of methylene blue via photocatalysis, J. Mol. Struct., 1256, 132522.

[14] He, X., Yang, Y., Li, Y., Chen, J., Yang, S., Liu, R., and Xu, Z., 2022, Effects of structure and surface properties on the performance of ZnO towards photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, Appl. Surf. Sci., 599, 153898.

[15] Herath, A., Navarathna, C., Warren, S., Perez, F., Pittman, C.U., and Mlsna, T.E., 2022, Iron/titanium oxide-biochar (Fe2TiO5/BC): A versatile adsorbent/photocatalyst for aqueous Cr(VI), Pb2+, F- and methylene blue, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 614, 603–616.

[16] Yang, T., Liu, Y., Xia, G., Zhu, X., and Zhao, Y., 2021, Degradation of formaldehyde and methylene blue using wood-templated biomimetic TiO2, J. Cleaner Prod., 329, 129726.

[17] Guo, J., Fan, Y., Dong, X., Ma, X., Yao, S., and Xing, H., 2021, Modified coal tailings with TiO2 nanotubes and their application for methylene blue removal, Colloids Surf., A, 627, 127211.

[18] Calimli, M.H., Nas, M.S., Burhan, H., Mustafov, S.D., Demirbas, Ö., and Sen, F., 2020, Preparation, characterization and adsorption kinetics of methylene blue dye in reduced-graphene oxide supported nanoadsorbents, J. Mol. Liq., 309, 113171.

[19] Mrunal, V.K., Vishnu, A.K., Momin, N., and Manjanna, J., 2019, Cu2O nanoparticles for adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye from aqueous medium, Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manage., 12, 100265.

[20] Akhtar, F., Andersson, L., Ogunwumi, S., Hedin, N., and Bergström, L., 2014, Structuring adsorbents and catalysts by processing of porous powders, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 34 (7), 1643–1666.

[21] Suresh Kumar, P., Korving, L., Keesman, K.J., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., and Witkamp, G.J., 2019, Effect of pore size distribution and particle size of porous metal oxides on phosphate adsorption capacity and kinetics, Chem. Eng. J., 358, 160–169.

[22] Lu, H., Qi, Y., Zhao, Y., and Jin, N., 2018, Effects of hydroxyl group on the interaction of carboxylated flavonoid derivatives with S. cerevisiae α-glucosidase, Curr. Comput.-Aided Drug Des., 16 (1), 31–44.

[23] Partlan, E., Ren, Y., Apul, O.G., Ladner, D.A., and Karanfil, T., 2020, Adsorption kinetics of synthetic organic contaminants onto superfine powdered activated carbon, Chemosphere, 253, 126628.

[24] Abid, M.A., Abid, D.A., Aziz, W.J., and Rashid, T.M., 2021, Iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized using garlic and onion peel extracts rapidly degrade methylene blue dye, Phys. B, 622, 413277.

[25] Hachemaoui, M., Boukoussa, B., Mokhtar, A., Mekki, A., Beldjilali, M., Benaissa, M., Zaoui, F., Hakiki, A., Chaibi, W., Sassi, M., and Hamacha, R., 2020, Dyes adsorption, antifungal and antibacterial properties of metal loaded mesoporous silica: Effect of metal and calcination treatment, Mater. Chem. Phys., 256, 123704.

[26] Liu, M., Dong, J., Wang, W., Yang, M., Gu, Y., and Han, R., 2019, Study of methylene blue adsorption from solution by magnetic graphene oxide composites, Desalin. Water Treat., 147, 398–408.

[27] Ai, L., Zhang, C., and Chen, Z., 2011, Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by a solvothermal-synthesized graphene/magnetite composite, J. Hazard. Mater., 192 (3), 1515–1524.

[28] Yang, Z., 2008, Kinetics and mechanism of the adsorption of methylene blue onto ACFs, J. China Univ. Min. Technol., 18 (3), 437–440.

[29] Largitte, L., and Pasquier, R., 2016, A review of the kinetics adsorption models and their application to the adsorption of lead by an activated carbon, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 109, 495–504.

[30] Lu, K., Wang, T., Zhai, L., Wu, W., Dong, S., Gao, S., and Mao, L., 2019, Adsorption behavior and mechanism of Fe-Mn binary oxide nanoparticles: Adsorption of methylene blue, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 539, 553–562.

[31] Phuruangrat, A., Kuntalue, B., Thongtem, S., and Thongtem, T., 2021, Hydrothermal synthesis of hexagonal ZnO nanoplates used for photodegradation of methylene blue, Optik, 226 (Part 1), 165949.

[32] Liu, J., Zhou, L., Dong, F., and Hudson-Edwards, K.A., 2017, Enhancing As(V) adsorption and passivation using biologically formed nano-sized FeS coatings on limestone: Implications for acid mine drainage treatment and neutralization, Chemosphere, 168, 529–538.

[33] Martínez, C.M., Acosta-Rodríguez, I., Gutiérrez-Sánchez, M., Ruíz, F., and Compeán-García, V.D., 2022, Novel green route synthesis of CdO nanostructures by using CdCO3 obtained by MICP and its application in photodegradation of methylene blue and Congo red, Sustainable Chem. Pharm., 27, 100611.

[34] Ebrahimi, A., Haghighi, M., and Aghamohammadi, S., 2022, Sono-precipitation fabrication of ZnO over modified SAPO-34 zeotype for effective degradation of methylene blue pollutant under simulated solar light illumination, Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 165, 307–322.

[35] Shin, J., Andreas Hutomo, C., Kim, J., Jang, J., and Park, C.B., 2022, Natural pollen exine-templated synthesis of photocatalytic metal oxides with high surface area and oxygen vacancies, Appl. Surf. Sci., 599, 154064.

[36] Cheng, Z., Luo, S., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Liao, Y., Guo, M., and Nguyen, T.T., 2022, Visible-light-driven hierarchical porous CeO2 derived from wood for effective photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, Opt. Mater., 129, 112429.

[37] Vijayakumar, T.P., Benoy, M.D., Duraimurugan, J., Suresh Kumar, G., Shkir, M., Maadeswaran, P., Senthil Kumar, A., and Ramesh Kumar, K.A., 2022, Hydrothermal synthesis of CuO/g-C3N4 nanosheets for visible-light driven photodegradation of methylene blue, Diamond Relat. Mater., 121, 108735.

[38] Alkayal, N.S., Altowairki, H., Alosaimi, A.M., and Hussein, M.A., 2022, Network template-based cross-linked poly(methyl methacrylate)/tin(IV) oxide nanocomposites for the photocatalytic degradation of MB under UV irradiation, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 18, 2721–2734.

[39] Yuh-Shan, H., 2004, Citation review of Lagergren kinetic rate equation on adsorption reactions, Scientometrics, 59 (1), 171–177.

[40] Gomes, A.L.M., Andrade, P.H.M., Palhares, H.G., Dumont, M.R., Soares, D.C.F., Volkringer, C., Houmard, M., and Nunes, E.H.M., 2021, Facile sol–gel synthesis of silica sorbents for the removal of organic pollutants from aqueous media, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 15, 4580–4594.

[41] Wu, F.C., Tseng, R.L., Huang, S.C., and Juang, R.S., 2009, Characteristics of pseudo-second-order kinetic model for liquid-phase adsorption: A mini-review, Chem. Eng. J., 151 (1-3), 1–9.

[42] Van Hung, N., Nguyet, B.T.M., Nghi, N.H., Thanh, N.M., Quyen, N.D.V., Nguyen, V.T., Nhiem, D.N., and Khieu, D.Q., 2023, Highly effective adsorption of organic dyes from aqueous solutions on longan seed-derived activated carbon, Environ. Eng. Res., 28 (3), 220116.

[43] Al-Odayni, A.B., Alsubaie, F.S., Abdu, N.A.Y., Al-Kahtani, H.M., and Saeed, W.S., 2023, Adsorption kinetics of methyl orange from model polluted water onto N-doped activated carbons prepared from N-containing polymers, Polymers, 15 (9), 1983.

[44] Lach, J., and Okoniewska, E., 2024, Equilibrium, kinetic, and diffusion mechanism of lead(II) and cadmium(II) adsorption onto commercial activated carbons, Molecules, 29 (11), 2418.

[45] Jaseela, P.K., Garvasis, J., and Joseph, A., 2019, Selective adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous mixture of MB and methyl orange (MO) using mesoporous titania (TiO2) – poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite, J. Mol. Liq., 286, 110908.

[46] Neves, C.V., Módenes, A.N., Scheufele, F.B., Rocha, R.P., Pereira, M.F.R., Figueiredo, J.L., and Borba, C.E., 2021, Dibenzothiophene adsorption onto carbon-based adsorbent produced from the coconut shell: Effect of the functional groups density and textural properties on kinetics and equilibrium, Fuel, 292, 120354.

[47] Yu, F., Tian, F., Zou, H., Ye, Z., Peng, C., Huang, J., Zheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Wei, X., and Gao, B., 2021, ZnO/biochar nanocomposites via solvent free ball milling for enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, J. Hazard. Mater., 415, 125511.

[48] Akyüz, D., 2021, rGO-TiO2-CdO-ZnO-Ag photocatalyst for enhancing photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, Opt. Mater., 116, 111090.

[49] Liu, X.J., Li, M.F., and Singh, S.K., 2021, Manganese-modified lignin biochar as adsorbent for removal of methylene blue, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 12, 1434–1445.

[50] Wei, X., Wang, X., Pu, Y., Liu, A., Chen, C., Zou, W., Zheng, Y., Huang, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Naushad, M., Gao, B., and Dong, L., 2021, Facile ball-milling synthesis of CeO2/g-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction for synergistic adsorption and photodegradation of methylene blue: Characteristics, kinetics, models, and mechanisms, Chem. Eng. J., 420, 127719.

[51] Jain, A., Wadhawan, S., and Mehta, S.K., 2021, Biogenic synthesis of non-toxic iron oxide NPs via Syzygium aromaticum for the removal of methylene blue, Environ. Nanotechnol., Monit. Manage., 16, 100464.

[52] Wu, K.H., Huang, W.C., Hung, W.C., and Tsai, C.W., 2021, Modified expanded graphite/Fe3O4 composite as an adsorbent of methylene blue: Adsorption kinetics and isotherms, Mater. Sci. Eng., B, 266, 115068.

[53] Farooq, S., Al Maani, A.H., Naureen, Z., Hussain, J., Siddiqa, A., and Al Harrasi, A., 2022, Synthesis and characterization of copper oxide-loaded activated carbon nanocomposite: Adsorption of methylene blue, kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic study, J. Water Process Eng., 47, 102692.

[54] Murugesan, A., Loganathan, M., Senthil Kumar, P., and Vo, D.V.N., 2021, Cobalt and nickel oxides supported activated carbon as an effective photocatalysts for the degradation methylene blue dye from aquatic environment, Sustainable Chem. Pharm., 21, 100406.

[55] Mahlaule-Glory, L.M., Mapetla, S., Makofane, A., Mathipa, M.M., and Hintsho-Mbita, N.C., 2022, Biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles for the degradation of methylene blue dye, sulfisoxazole antibiotic and removal of bacteria from real water, Heliyon, 8 (9), e10536.

[56] Wang, Q., Deng, W., Lin, X., Huang, X., Wei, L., Gong, L., Liu, C., Liu, G., and Liu, Q., 2021, Solid-state preparation of mesoporous Ce–Mn–Co ternary mixed oxide nanoparticles for catalytic degradation of methylene blue, J. Rare Earths, 39 (7), 826–834.

[57] Maimaiti, T., Hu, R., Yuan, H., Liang, C., Liu, F., Li, Q., Lan, S., Yu, B., and Yang, S.T., 2022, Magnetic Fe3O4/TiO2/graphene sponge for the adsorption of methylene blue in aqueous solution, Diamond Relat. Mater., 123, 108811.

[58] Verma, M., Tyagi, I., Kumar, V., Goel, S., Vaya, D., and Kim, H., 2021, Fabrication of GO–MnO2 nanocomposite using hydrothermal process for cationic and anionic dyes adsorption: Kinetics, isotherm, and reusability, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 9 (5), 106045.

[59] Din, M.I., Khalid, R., and Hussain, Z., 2022, Novel in-situ synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticle in smart polymer microgel for catalytic reduction of methylene blue, J. Mol. Liq., 358, 119181.

[60] Adel, M., Ahmed, M.A., and Mohamed, A.A., 2021, Synthesis and characterization of magnetically separable and recyclable crumbled MgFe2O4/reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles for removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 149, 109760.

[61] Bahrami, M., Amiri, M.J., Rajabi, S., and Mahmoudi, M., 2024, The removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions by polyethylene microplastics: Modeling batch adsorption using random forest regression, Alexandria Eng. J., 95, 101–113.

[62] Malbenia John, M., Benettayeb, A., Belkacem, M., Ruvimbo Mitchel, C., Hadj Brahim, M., Benettayeb, I., Haddou, B., Al-Farraj, S., Alkahtane, A.A., Ghosh, S., Chia, C.H., Sillanpaa, M., Baigenzhenov, O., and Hosseini-Bandegharaei, A., 2024, An overview on the key advantages and limitations of batch and dynamic modes of biosorption of metal ions, Chemosphere, 357, 142051.

[63] Mahanta, U., Khandelwal, M., and Deshpande, A.S., 2022, TiO2@SiO2 nanoparticles for methylene blue removal and photocatalytic degradation under natural sunlight and low-power UV light, Appl. Surf. Sci., 576, 151745.

[64] Goudjil, M.B., Dali, H., Zighmi, S., Mahcene, Z., and Bencheikh, S.E., 2024, Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye with biosynthesized hematite α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles under UV-irradiation, Desalin. Water Treat., 317, 100079.

[65] Ahmadi, S., and Igwegbe, C.A., 2020, Removal of methylene blue on zinc oxide nanoparticles: Nonlinear and linear adsorption isotherms and kinetics study, Sigma J. Eng. Nat. Sci., 38 (1), 289–303.

[66] Ameen, S., Hussain, Z., Din, M.I., Khan, R.U., and Khalid, R., 2024, Green synthesis of biochar@Al2O3 nanocomposite from waste Melia azedarach fruit biomass pyrolysis: A sustainable solution for photocatalytic methylene blue dye degradation, Desalin. Water Treat., 320, 100609.

[67] Alharbi, K.H., 2024, Efficient removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using mixed oxides of cobalt oxide and tungsten trioxide modified graphene oxide, J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 28 (1), 101802.

[68] Bai, R., Feng, Y., Wu, L., Li, N., Liu, Q., Teng, Y., He, R., Zhi, K., Zhou, H., and Qi, X., 2023, Adsorption mechanism of methylene blue by magnesium salt-modified lignite-based adsorbents, J. Environ. Manage., 344, 118514.

[69] Essa, W.K., 2024, Methylene blue removal by copper oxide nanoparticles obtained from green synthesis of Melia azedarach: Kinetic and isotherm studies, Chemistry, 6 (1), 249–63.

[70] Lei, Y., Zhang, X., Meng, X., and Wang, Z., 2022, The preparation of core–shell Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles with different surface carboxyl densities and their application in the removal of methylene blue, Inorg. Chem. Commun., 139, 109381.

[71] Tuyen, L.T.T., Quang, D.A., Tam Toan, T.T., Tung, T.Q., Hoa, T.T., Mau, T.X., Hoa, T.T., Mau, T.X., and Khieu, D.Q., 2018, Synthesis of CeO2/TiO2 nanotubes and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 6 (5), 5999–6011.

[72] Paramarta, V., Taufik, A., and Saleh, R., 2017, The role of annealing temperature in photocatalytic performance of Fe3O4/SnO2 nanocomposites, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 196 (1), 012032.

[73] Ulfa, M., and Setiarini, I., 2022, The effect of zinc oxide supported on gelatin mesoporous silica (GSBA-15) on structural character and their methylene blue photodegradation performance, Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal., 17 (2), 363–374.

[74] Utubira, Y., Wijaya, K., Triyono, T., and Sugiharto, E., 2006, Preparation and characterization of TiO2-zeolite and its application to degrade textille wastewater by photocatalytic method, Indones. J. Chem., 6 (3), 231–237.

[75] Lhimr, S., Bouhlassa, S., and Ammary, B., 2019, Effect of molar ratio on structural and size of ZnO/C nanocomposite synthesized using a colloidal method at low temperature, Indones. J. Chem., 19 (2), 422–429.

[76] Ulfa, M., Pangestuti, I., and Anggreani, C.N., 2024, Physicochemical characteristics of titania particles synthesized with gelatin as a template before and after regeneration and their performance in photocatalytic methylene blue, Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal., 19 (2), 242–251.

[77] Ulfa, M., Prasetyoko, D., Mahadi, A.H., and Bahruji, H., 2020, Size tunable mesoporous carbon microspheres using Pluronic F127 and gelatin as co-template for removal of ibuprofen, Sci. Total Environ., 711, 135066.

[78] Ulfa, M., and Purnama Ali, M.A., 2022, Influence of calcination temperatures on gunningite-based gelatin template and its application as ibuprofen adsorption, Indones. J. Chem., 22 (6), 1684–1692.

[79] Ulfa, M., Trisunaryanti, W., Falah, I.I., and Kartini, I., 2016, Wormhole-like mesoporous carbons from gelatine as multistep infiltration effect, Indones. J. Chem., 16 (3), 239–242.

[80] Ulfa, M., Nina, N., Pangestuti, I., Holilah, H., Bahruji, H., Rilda, Y., Alias, S.H., and Nur, H., 2024, Enhancing photocatalytic activity of Fe2O3/TiO2 with gelatin: A fuzzy logic analysis of mesoporosity and iron loading, S. Afr. J. Chem. Eng., 50, 245–260.

[81] Kumar, N., and Kumar, R., 2022, Efficient adsorption of methylene blue on hybrid structural phase of MoO3 nanostructures, Mater. Chem. Phys., 275, 125211.

[82] Fang, Y., Liu, Q., and Zhu, S., 2021, Selective biosorption mechanism of methylene blue by a novel and reusable sugar beet pulp cellulose/sodium alginate/iron hydroxide composite hydrogel, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 188, 993–1002.

[83] Alagarsamy, A., Chandrasekaran, S., and Manikandan, A., 2022, Green synthesis and characterization studies of biogenic zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles for adsorptive removal of methylene blue dye, J. Mol. Struct., 1247, 131275.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.92617

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 46 | views : 17


Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Journal of Chemistry

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

 


Indonesian Journal of Chemistry (ISSN 1411-9420 /e-ISSN 2460-1578) - Chemistry Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.

Web
Analytics View The Statistics of Indones. J. Chem.