Suicide trends during COVID-19 pandemic in Gunungkidul, Indonesia

https://doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.69514

F A Nurdiyanto(1*), Valendra Granitha Shandika Puri(2), Lisa Sunaryo Putri(3)

(1) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(2) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
(3) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


The COVID-19 pandemic had a tremendous impact on psychological burdens and may lead to suicide acts. Suicide is a global mental health problem that happens all over the world. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the suicide rates and estimate the category of male-female suicides. This study analyzed suicide data from the Gunungkidul Resort Police from April 2018 to April 2021. Gunungkidul Regency is one area in Indonesia with a high suicide rate. From that time of period, there were about 97 suicide cases as the sample of this study. This article estimated the suicide trend using time series forecasting and Chi-square tests to find potential differences before and after the outbreak. Chi-square analysis showed that there was no difference in the pattern of suicide before and since the COVID-19 pandemic (𝝌2 = 12.05; p > 0.05), as well as the male rates (𝝌2 = 20.17; p > 0.05). However, suicide among females has increased since the outbreak (𝝌2 = 23.43; p < 0.05), especially among the elderly. This article recommended providing a support system, strengthening social networks, and widening the access of women and the elderly to health and psychological services during the pandemic.

Keywords


COVID-19; Pandemic; Suicide; Psychological burdens

Full Text:

PDF


References

1. WHO. Suicide in the world: Global health estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/326948/WHO-MSD-MER-19.3-eng.pdf

2. Wirasto RT. Suicide prevention in Indonesia: providing public advocacy. In: The Role of Physicians in Suicide Prevention. 2012. p. 98–104.

3. Nurdiyanto FA, Jaroah S. The characteristics of suicide in Gunungkidul Indonesia. Dis Prev Public Heal J. 2020;14(2):12–8.

4. Cénat JM, Blais-Rochette C, Kokou-Kpolou CK, Noorishad PG, Mukunzi JN, McIntee SE, et al. Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2021;295(June 2020).

5. Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, Lui LMW, Gill H, Phan L, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2020;277(July):55–64.

6. Gray NS, O’Connor C, Knowles J, Pink J, Simkiss NJ, Williams SD, et al. The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental well-being and psychological distress: impact upon a single country. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11(November):1–11.

7. Kavukcu E, Akdeniz M. Tsunami after the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: a global wave of suicide? Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2021;67(2):197–9.

8. Sher L. Individuals with untreated psychiatric disorders and suicide in the COVID-19 era. Brazilian J Psychiatry. 2021;43(3):229–30.

9. Ganesan B, Al-Jumaily A, Fong KNK, Prasad P, Meena SK, Tong RKY. Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak quarantine, isolation, and lockdown policies on mental health and suicide. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12(April):1–12.

10. Braquehais MD, Vargas-Cáceres S, Gómez-Durán E, Nieva G, Valero S, Casas M, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. QJM An Int J Med. 2020;113(9):613–7.

11. Spiecker EM, Mincoff Barbanti PC, Egger PA, de Barros Carvalho MD, Pelloso SM, Rovery de Souza M, et al. Influence of the global crisis of 2008 and the Brazilian political oscillations of 2014 on suicide rates: an analysis of the period from 2002 to 2017. SSM - Popul Heal. 2021;13:100754.

12. Oyesanya M, Lopez-Morinigo J, Dutta R. Systematic review of suicide in economic recession. World J Psychiatry. 2015;5(2):243.

13. Wasserman IM. The impact of epidemic, war, prohibition and media on suicide: United States, 1910–1920. Suicide Life‐Threatening Behav. 1992;22(2):240–54.

14. Zortea TC, Brenna CTA, Joyce M, McClelland H, Tippett M, Tran MM, et al. The impact of infectious disease-related public health emergencies on suicide, suicidal behavior, and suicidal thoughts. Crisis. 2021 Jul;42(6):474–87.

15. Nomura S, Kawashima T, Yoneoka D, Tanoue Y, Eguchi A, Gilmour S, et al. Trends in suicide in Japan by gender during the COVID-19 pandemic, up to September 2020. Psychiatry Res. 2021;295:113622.

16. Bray MJC, Daneshvari NO, Radhakrishnan I, Cubbage J, Eagle M, Southall P, et al. Racial differences in statewide suicide mortality trends in Maryland during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(4):444–7.

17. Andari S. Fenomena bunuh diri di Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Sosio Konsepsia. 2017;7(1):92–107.

18. Suwena IW. Suicide: The state of being misguided marked by Pulung Gantung in Gunungkidul. (Doctoral dissertation). Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta; 2016.

19. Darmaningtyas. Pulung Gantung : Menyingkap tragedi bunuh diri di Gunungkidul. Yogyakarta: Salwa Press; 2002.

20. Fahrudin A. Fenomena bunuh diri di Gunungkidul: Catatan tersisa dari lapangan. Sosio Inf. 2012;17(01):13–9.

21. Rochmawati I. Nglalu: Melihat fenomena bunuh diri dengan hati. Yogyakarta: Jejak Kata Kita; 2009.

22. Dyer O. COVID-19: Indonesia becomes Asia’s new pandemic epicentre as delta variant spreads. BMJ. 2021;(374):n1815.

23. Zhang W, Ding H, Su P, Xu Q, Du L, Xie C, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for attempted suicide in the elderly: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai, China. Int Psychogeriatrics. 2017 May 21;29(5):709–15.

24. Vijayakumar L. Suicide in women. Indian J Psychiatry. 2015;57(Supp 2):S233-238.

25. Komnas Perempuan. Perempuan dalam himpitan pandemi: Lonjakan kekerasan seksual, kekerasan siber, perkawinan anak, dan keterbatasan penanganan di tengah COVID-19 . 2021. Available from: https://komnasperempuan.go.id/uploadedFiles/1463.1614929011.pdf

26. Connor J, Madhavan S, Mokashi M, Amanuel H, Johnson NR, Pace LE, et al. Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A review. Soc Sci Med . 2020;266:113364. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113364

27. Power K. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the care burden of women and families. Sustain Sci Pract Policy . 2020;16(1):67–73. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1776561

28. Almaghrebi AH. Risk factors for attempting suicide during the COVID-19 lockdown: Identification of the high-risk groups. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2021;16(4):605–11.

29. López Steinmetz LC, Godoy JC, Fong SB. A longitudinal study on depression and anxiety in college students during the first 106-days of the lengthy Argentinean quarantine for the COVID-19 pandemic. J Ment Heal. 2021 Jul 24;0(0):1–10.

30. Shrestha R, Siwakoti S, Singh S, Shrestha AP. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide and self-harm among patients presenting to the emergency department of a teaching hospital in Nepal. PLoS One. 2021;16(4 April):1–9.

31. Osaki Y, Otsuki H, Imamoto A, Kinjo A, Fujii M, Kuwabara Y, et al. Suicide rates during social crises: changes in the suicide rate in Japan after the Great East Japan earthquake and during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;140(April):39–44.

32. Dubé JP, Smith MM, Sherry SB, Hewitt PL, Stewart SH. Suicide behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic: a meta-analysis of 54 studies. Psychiatry Res. 2021;301.

33. Ahorsu DK, Lin C-Y, Pakpour AH. The association between health status and insomnia, mental health, and preventive behaviors: The mediating role of fear of COVID-19. Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2020;6:1–9.

34. Callanan VJ, Davis MS. Gender differences in suicide methods. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012;47(6):857–69.

35. Granato SL, Smith PN, Selwyn CN. Acquired capability and masculine gender norm adherence: Potential pathways to higher rates of male suicide. Psychol Men Masculinity. 2015;16(3):246–53.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.69514

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 2005 | views : 1200

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Community Empowerment for Health

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.