* Corresponding Author
Field Testing of Multispecies Probiotics on Health Status, Water Quality, and Productivity of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
https://doi.org/10.22146/jfs.111975 Lindah Erlia Safira Siregar(1), Sinung Rahardjo(2*), Tb. Haeru Rahayu(3), Putu Angga Wiradana(4)
(1) Aquaculture Technology Study Program, Applied Bachelor Program, Jakarta Technical University of Fisheries, Jakarta, Indonesia
(2) Study Program of Fisheries Resources Utilization, Jakarta Technical University of Fisheries, Jakarta, Indonesia
(3) Directorate General of Aquaculture, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF/KKP), Jakarta, Indonesia
(4) Study Program of Biology, Faculty of Health and Science, Universitas Dhyana Pura, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Shrimp farming has rapidly grown into a significant sector worldwide, providing economic benefits and high-quality food. Probiotics are widely used in shrimp farming to enhance growth and prevent diseases. However, reports on the field-scale application of multispecies probiotics in shrimp farming are minimal. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of multispecies probiotics on the health status, production performance, and water quality of L. vannamei shrimp farming at a field scale. L. vannamei post-larvae were reared in maintenance ponds. The shrimp seeds were stocked in 10 plots (50×50×2 m²) and acclimated for 7 days. Multispecies probiotics were administered after acclimatization, and health status parameters, production performance, and water quality were subsequently measured. The results indicated that multispecies probiotics combined with molasses and fermented bran were ineffective at preventing V. parahaemolyticus growth, as evidenced by the health status of L. vannamei. However, multispecies probiotics improved production performance and water quality through the end of the maintenance period. This study highlights the effectiveness of multispecies probiotics in enhancing production performance and water quality. Further research is needed to understand the mechanism of action of these probiotics in vannamei shrimp at a field scale.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Amenyogbe, E. 2023. Application of probiotics for sustainable and environment-friendly aquaculture management - A review. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2023.2226425
Amiin, M.K., A.F. Lahay, R.B. Putriani, M. Reza, S.M.E. Putri, M.A.A. Sumon, M.T. Jamal & M.B. Santanumurti. 2023. The role of probiotics in vannamei shrimp aquaculture performance - A review. Veterinary World. 638–649. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2023.638-649
Cai, X., J. Wen, H. Long, W. Ren, X. Zhang, A. Huang & Z. Xie. 2022. The probiotic effects, dose, and duration of lactic acid bacteria on disease resistance in Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Reports. 26: 101299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101299
Chien, C.-C., T.-Y. Lin, C.-C. Chi & C.-H. Liu. 2020. Probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20 alters the immunity of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei via glutamine metabolism and hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 98: 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.014
Dawood, M.A.O., S. Koshio, M. Ishikawa & S. Yokoyama. 2015. Interaction effects of dietary supplementation of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum and β-glucan on growth performance, digestibility and immune response of juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 45 (1): 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.033
Egger, A & M. Ahern. 2022. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2022. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en
El-Saadony, M.T., A.A. Swelum, M.M. Abo Ghanima, M. Shukry, A.A. Omar, A.E. Taha, H.M. Salem, A.M. El-Tahan, K.A. El-Tarabily & M.E.Abd. El-Hack. 2022. Shrimp production, the most important diseases that threaten it, and the role of probiotics in confronting these diseases: A review. Research in Veterinary Science. 144: 126-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.01.009
Emerenciano, M.G.C., A.N. Rombenso, F.d.N. Vieira, M.A. Martins, G.J. Coman, H.H. Truong, T.H. Noble & C.J. Simon. 2022. Intensification of penaeid shrimp culture: An applied review of advances in production systems, nutrition and breeding. Animals. 12 (3): 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030236
Furtado, P.S., M.A.J. Valenzuela, G. Rodriguez-Fuentes, B.R. Campos, W. Wasielesky & G. Gaxiola. 2016. Chronic effect of nitrite on the rearing of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in two salinities. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology. 49 (3): 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/10236244.2016.1163837
Grumet, L., Y. Tromp & V. Stiegelbauer. 2020. The development of high-quality multispecies probiotic formulations: From bench to market. Nutrients. 12 (8): 2453. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082453
Ha, P.T.H., Q.V.C. Thi, N.P. Thuy & N.T. Luan. 2023. Multi‐antibiotics resistance phenotype of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in Litopenaeus vannamei farmed in the Mekong Delta. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 54 (4): 1070-1087. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12945
Hossain, M.I., M. Sadekuzzaman & S.-D. Ha. 2017. Probiotics as potential alternative biocontrol agents in the agriculture and food industries: A review. Food Research International. 100: 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.077
Iber, B.T & N.A. Kasan. 2021. Recent advances in shrimp aquaculture wastewater management. Heliyon. 7 (11): e08283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08283
Jamal, M.T., I.A. Abdulrahman, M.Al. Harbi & S. Chithambaran. 2019. Probiotics as alternative control measures in shrimp aquaculture: A review. Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology. 7 (3): 69-77. https://doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2019.70313
Kamaruddin, A., M. Nurhudah, D. Rukmono & A. Wiradana. 2021. Potential of probiotics Bacillus subtilis to reduce ammonia levels, Vibrio sp. abundance, and increased production performance of seaworm (Nereis sp.) under laboratory scale. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 35 (4): 757-763. https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2021.128408.1572
Kennedy, B., M.N. Venugopal, I. Karunasagar & I. Karunasagar. 2006. Bacterial flora associated with the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, in the hatchery system. Aquaculture. 261 (4): 1156-1167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.09.015
Kewcharoen, W & P. Srisapoome. 2019. Probiotic effects of Bacillus spp. from pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on water quality and shrimp growth, immune responses, and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus (AHPND strains). Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 94: 175-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.013
Khanjani, M.H., L.O.B. da Silva, G.K. Fóes, F.do.N. Vieira, M.A. Poli, M. Santos & M.G.C. Emerenciano. 2023. Synbiotics and aquamimicry as alternative microbial-based approaches in intensive shrimp farming and biofloc: Novel disruptive techniques or complementary management tools? A scientific-based overview. Aquaculture. 567: 739273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739273
Kumar, V., L.De. Bels, L. Couck, K. Baruah, P. Bossier & W.V den. Broeck. 2019. PirABVP toxin binds to epithelial cells of the digestive tract and produce pathognomonic AHPND lesions in germ-free brine shrimp. Toxins. 11 (12): 717. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120717
Kumar, V., S. Roy, B.K. Behera, P. Bossier & B.K. Das. 2021. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND): Virulence, pathogenesis and mitigation strategies in shrimp aquaculture. Toxins. 13 (8): 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080524
Lee, M.-C., C.-T. Lo, T.H. Ho, L.-L. Chen, F.-H. Nan, H.-C. Lai, E. Wangkahart & P.-T. Lee. 2023. Assessment of Bacillus subtilis fermented Caulerpa microphysa byproduct as feed additive on the growth performance, immune regulation and disease resistance of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 142: 109134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109134
Lee, Y.-C., C.-C. Chang, Y.-H. Lin & Y.-H. Lin. 2024. Effect of fermented lemon peel as a functional feed additive on growth, non-specific immune responses, and Vibrio alginolyticus resistance in whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Reports. 34: 101918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.101918
Liu, F., J. Sun, J. Long, L. Sun, C. Liu, X. Wang, L. Zhang, P. Hao, Z. Wang, Y. Cui, R. Wang & Y. Li. 2024. Assessing the interactive effects of high salinity and stocking density on the growth and stress physiology of the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Fishes. 9 (2): 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020062
Manan, H., M. Jalilah, F. Fauzan, M. Ikhwanuddin, A. Amin-Safwan, N.S. Abdullah, M. Nur-Syahirah & N.A. Kasan. 2023. Recent developments in aquaculture - A review. Annals of Animal Science. 23 (3): 663-680. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2023-0044
Marwiyah, U.C., G. Mahasri, R.E. Ratnasari & P.A. Wiradana. 2019. Total plate count and identification of Vibrio in pacific white shrimp (Litophenaeus vannamei) from ponds and in those exposed to immunogenic protein membrane Zoothamnium penaei. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 236 (1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/236/1/012087
Morales-Covarrubias, M.S., J. Cuellar-Anjel, A. Varela-Mejias & C. Elizondo-Ares. 2018. Shrimp bacterial infections in Latin America: A review. Asian Fisheries Science. 31S. https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2018.31.S1.005
Nederlof, M.A.J., S.J. Kaushik & J.W. Schrama. 2023. Effect of different types of bacterial single cell protein on feed intake, digestibility, growth and body composition of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Aquaculture Reports. 33: 101830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101830
Ng, T.H., C. Lu, S. Lin, C. Chang, L.H. Tran, W. Chang, C. Lo & H. Wang. 2018. The Rho signalling pathway mediates the pathogenicity of AHPND‐causing V. parahaemolyticus in shrimp. Cellular Microbiology. 20 (8). https://doi.org/10.1111/cmi.12849
Okocha, R.C., I.O. Olatoye & O.B. Adedeji. 2018. Food safety impacts of antimicrobial use and their residues in aquaculture. Public Health Reviews. 39 (1): 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-018-0099-2
Puvanendran, V., I. Rud, M.S.W. Breiland, J.A. Arnesen & L. Axelsson. 2021. Probiotic Carnobacterium divergens increase growth parameters and disease resistance in farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae without influencing the microbiota. Aquaculture. 532: 736072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736072
Rahardjo, S., M. Vauza, D. Rukmono & P.A. Wiradana. 2022. Supplementation of hairy eggplant (Solanum ferox) and bitter ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) extracts as phytobiotic agents on whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research. 9 (1): 78. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2022.i571
Ramadhani, D.E., W. Widanarni & S. Sukenda. 2019. Microencapsulation of probiotics and its applications with prebiotic in pacific white shrimp larvae through Artemia sp. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia. 18 (2): 130-140. https://doi.org/10.19027/jai.18.2.130-140
Riandi, M.I., R.J.K. Susilo, M.D. Sani, A.Y. Maharani, A. Soegianto, T.W.C. Putranto & P.A. Wiradana. 2021. Surveillance of Vibrio and blue-green algae in intensive system of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Situbondo Regency, East Java, Indonesia. Poll Res. 40 (2): 611-616.
Salam, M.A., M.Y. Al-Amin, M.T. Salam, J.S. Pawar, N. Akhter, A.A. Rabaan & M.A.A. Alqumber. 2023. Antimicrobial resistance: A growing serious threat for global public health. Healthcare. 11 (13): 1946. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11131946
Sampaio, A., V. Silva, P. Poeta & F. Aonofriesei. 2022. Vibrio spp.: Life strategies, ecology, and risks in a changing environment. Diversity. 14 (2): 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14020097
Sani, M.D, A.Y. Maharani, M.I. Riandy, R.J.K. Susilo, P.A. Wiradana & A. Soegianto. 2020. Monitoring of population density of Vibrio sp. and health condition of hepatopancreas pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivated with intensive systems in Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ecology, Environment and ConservationEcology, Environment and Conservation. 26 (3): 1271-1275.
Sani, M.D., A.Y. Maharani, M.I. Riandy, R.J.K. Susilo, P.A. Wiradana & A. Soegianto. 2020. Monitoring population density of Vibrio sp. and health condition of hepatopancreas pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivated with intensive systems in Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ecology, Environment and Conservation. 26 (3): 1271-1275.
Sani, M.D., P.A. Wiradana, A.Y. Maharani, R.E. Mawli & A.T. Mukti. 2022. The dominance and proportions of plankton in pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) ponds cultivated with the intensive system in Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1036 (1): 012057. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1036/1/012057
Santos, H.M., C.-Y. Tsai, K.R.A. Maquiling, L.L. Tayo, A.R. Mariatulqabtiah, C.-W. Lee & K.P. Chuang. 2020. Diagnosis and potential treatments for acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND): A review. Aquaculture International. 28 (1): 169-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00451-w
Serwecińska, L. 2020. Antimicrobials and antibiotic-resistant bacteria: A risk to the environment and to public health. Water. 12 (12): 3313. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123313
Shawky, A., I.M. Abd El-Razek, R.S. El-Halawany, A.I. Zaineldin, A.A. Amer, M.S. Gewaily & M.A.O. Dawood. 2023. Dietary effect of heat-inactivated Bacillus subtilis on the growth performance, blood biochemistry, immunity, and antioxidative response of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Aquaculture. 575: 739751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739751
Simón, R., F. Docando, N. Nuñez-Ortiz, C. Tafalla & P. Díaz-Rosales. 2021. Mechanisms used by probiotics to confer pathogen resistance to teleost fish. Frontiers in Immunology. 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.653025
Soto-Rodriguez, S.A., B. Gomez-Gil, R. Lozano-Olvera, M. Betancourt-Lozano & M.S. Morales-Covarrubias. 2015. Field and experimental evidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus as the causative agent of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease of cultured shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Northwestern Mexico. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 81 (5): 1689-1699. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03610-14
Soto-Rodriguez, S.A., R. Lozano-Olvera, M.G. Ramos-Clamont, E. Zenteno, J.L. Sánchez-Salgado, N. Vibanco-Pérez & K.G. Aguilar-Rendón. 2022. New insights into the mechanism of action of PirAB from Vibrio Parahaemolyticus. Toxins. 14 (4): 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14040243
Sriphuttha, C., S. Limkul, J. Pongsetkul, T. Phiwthong, A. Massu, N. Sumniangyen, P. Boontawan, M. Ketudat-Cairns, A. Boontawan & P. Boonchuen. 2023. Effect of fed dietary yeast (Rhodotorula paludigena CM33) on shrimp growth, gene expression, intestinal microbial, disease resistance, and meat composition of Litopenaeus vannamei. Developmental & Comparative Immunology. 147: 104896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2023.104896
Srirengaraj, V., H.L. Razafindralambo, H.N. Rabetafika, H.-T. Nguyen & Y.-Z. Sun. 2023. Synbiotic agents and their active components for sustainable aquaculture: Concepts, action mechanisms, and applications. Biology. 12 (12): 1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12121498
Supriatna, S., A. Darmawan & A. Maizar. 2023. Pathway analysis of pH in whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei concrete pond intensifies in Banyuwangi East Java. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1191 (1): 012015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1191/1/012015
Suryana, A., E.N.N. Asih & I. Insafitri. 2023. Phenomenon of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease infection in vaname shrimp cultivation in Bangkalan Regency. Journal of Marine Research. 12 (2): 212-220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v12i2.35632
Tassanakajon, A., K. Somboonwiwat, P. Supungul & S. Tang. 2013. Discovery of immune molecules and their crucial functions in shrimp immunity. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 34 (4): 954-967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.09.021
Tran, L., L. Nunan, R. Redman, L. Mohney, C. Pantoja, K. Fitzsimmons & D. Lightner. 2013. Determination of the infectious nature of the agent of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome affecting penaeid shrimp. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 105 (1): 45-55. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02621
Urquhart, E.A., S.H. Jones, J.W. Yu, B.M. Schuster, A.L. Marcinkiewicz, C.A. Whistler & V.S. Cooper. 2016. Environmental conditions associated with elevated Vibrio parahaemolyticus concentrations in Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire. PLOS ONE. 11 (5): e0155018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155018
Verdegem, M., A.H. Buschmann, U.W. Latt, A.J.T. Dalsgaard & A. Lovatelli. 2023. The contribution of aquaculture systems to global aquaculture production. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 54 (2): 206-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12963
Wang, C., D. Yao, M. Zhao, K. Lu, Z. Lin, X. Chen, Y. Zhao & Y. Zhang. 2022. Shrimp lipid droplet protein perilipin involves in the pathogenesis of AHPND-Causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (18): 10520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810520
Wang, W., X. Wu, Z. Liu, H. Zheng & Y. Cheng. 2014. Insights into hepatopancreatic functions for nutrition metabolism and ovarian development in the crab Portunus trituberculatus: Gene discovery in the comparative transcriptome of different hepatopancreas stages. PLoS ONE. 9 (1): e84921. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084921
Widigdo, B., M. Yuhana, A. Iswantari, C. Madonsa, I.D. Sapitri, Y. Wardiatno, A.A. Hakim & F. Nazar. 2021. The impact of nitrifying probiotic to population growth of pathogenic bacteria, Vibrio sp., and toxic nitrogen gasses in marine shrimp culture media under laboratory condition. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management). 11 (1): 130-140. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.11.1.130-140
Wiradana, P.A., A.Y. Maharani, M.D. Sani, R.J.K. Susilo, M.I. Riandi, I.G. Widhiantara, P.E. Sudaryatma, T. Okabayashi & A.T. Mukti. 2023. Monitoring of microbial, water quality, and production performance of Litopenaeus vannamei on intensive pond in Bulukumba, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1273 (1): 012058. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1273/1/012058
Wiradana, P.A., G. Mahasri, R.E.R. Sari, U.C. Marwiyah & R. Prihadhana. 2019. Identification of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in pacific white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) from ponds postexposure to immunogenic membrane proteins (Zoothamnium penaei). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 236 (1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/236/1/012085
Wiradana, P.A., M.D. Sani, R.E. Mawli, F.N.D. Ashshoffa, I.G. Widhiantara & A.T. Mukti. 2022. Monitoring the occurrence of zoea syndrome (ZS) in pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) larval from several hatcheries in East Java, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1036 (1): 012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1036/1/012003
Wiyoto, W., S. Sukenda, E. Harris, K. Nirmala & D. Djokosetiyanto. 2016. Water quality and sediment profile in shrimp culture with different sediment redox potential and stocking densities under laboratory condition. ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences. 21 (2): 65. https://doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.21.2.65-76
Xu, C., E. Li, Y. Liu, S. Wang, X. Wang, K. Chen, J.G. Qin & L. Chen. 2018. Effect of dietary lipid level on growth, lipid metabolism and health status of the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei at two salinities. Aquaculture Nutrition. 24 (1): 204-214. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12548
Yoshikawa, T., O. Murata, K. Furuya & M. Eguchi. 2007. Short-term covariation of dissolved oxygen and phytoplankton photosynthesis in a coastal fish aquaculture site. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 74 (3): 515-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.004
Yudiati, E., A. Isnansetyo, M. Murwantoko, A. Ayuningtyas, T. Triyanto & C.R. Handayani. 2016. Innate immune-stimulating and immune genes up-regulating activities of three types of alginate from Sargassum siliquosum in pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 54: 46-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.022
Yudiati, E., A. Isnansetyo, M. Murwantoko, T. Triyanto & C.R. Handayani. 2019. Alginate from Sargassum siliquosum simultaneously stimulates innate immunity, upregulates immune genes, and enhances resistance of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Marine Biotechnology. 21 (4): 503-514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-019-09898-7
Zhang, H., Z. Sun, B. Liu, Y. Xuan, M. Jiang, Y. Pan, Y. Zhang, Y. Gong, X. Lu, D. Yu, D. Kumar, X. Hu, G. Cao, R. Xue & C. Gong. 2016. Dynamic changes of microbial communities in Litopenaeus vannamei cultures and the effects of environmental factors. Aquaculture. 455: 97-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.01.011
Zhang, M., L. Pan, D. Fan, J. He, C. Su, S. Gao & M. Zhang. 2021. Study of fermented feed by mixed strains and their effects on the survival, growth, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal flora of Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture. 530: 735703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735703
Zheng, Z., R. Li, J.J. Aweya, D. Yao, F. Wang, S. Li, T.N. Tuan & Y. Zhang. 2021. The PirB toxin protein from Vibrio parahaemolyticus induces apoptosis in hemocytes of Penaeus vannamei. Virulence. 12 (1): 481-492. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2021.1872171
Zokaeifar, H., J.L. Balcázar, C.R. Saad, M.S. Kamarudin, K. Sijam, A. Arshad & N. Nejat. 2012. Effects of Bacillus subtilis on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, immune gene expression and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 33 (4): 683-689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.027
How to Cite this Article:
Siregar, L.E.S., S. Rahardjo, Tb.H. Rahayu & P.A. Wiradana. 2026. Field testing of multispecies probiotics on health status, water quality, and productivity of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada. 28 (1): 09-20. https://doi.org/10.22146/jfs.111975
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jfs.111975
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 605
| 
views : 238
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
View My Stats