The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Parental Mediation in Cyberbullying

Annisa Reginasari; Tina Afiatin; Hanif Akhtar

doi:10.22146/jpsi.39034

The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Parental Mediation in Cyberbullying

Annisa Reginasari, Tina Afiatin, Hanif Akhtar

(Submitted 24 September 2018)

(Published 30 August 2021)

Abstract

When access to information on the internet is expected to support the growth to adulthood, cyberbullying is instead becoming a threat to adolescents' psychological well-being. Parental mediation and self-esteem are considered as protective factors to youngsters from online risk. The present study examines whether self-esteem mediates the relationship between perceived parental mediation and cyberbullying. The study participants were 351 senior high school social students in Yogyakarta who are media and internet users. The data were collected using the Cyberbullying Scale (Cronbach’ α = 0.784), Self-Esteem Scale (Cronbach’ α = 0.766), and Perceived Parental Mediation Scale (Cronbach’ α = 0.656). Analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed that the proposed model was reached the goodness-of-fit ( = 53.711; df = 18; p = 0.001; RMSEA = 0.075; GFI= 0.964; CFI= 0.923). This study concluded that self-esteem partially mediated parental mediation and cyberbullying, with an indirect effect = -0.047 (p = 0.024; p<0.05). Self-esteem as the cognitive-personality factor and optimal parental mediation as environmental factors were considered to prevent adolescent cyberbullying. Therefore, we would recommend practitioners of educational, social, and clinical psychology to take the opportunity to involve self-esteem and parental mediation factors in intervention program design.

Keywords

cyberbullying; parental mediation; self-esteem

Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.22146/jpsi.39034

References

Afiatin, T. (2014). Management of family and marriage quality to create a quality young generation (Pengelolaan mutu keluarga dan perkawinan untuk mewujudkan generasi muda yang berkualitas). Ketahanan Keluarga Sebagai Aset Bangsa. https://acadstaff.ugm.ac.id/karya_files/pengelolaan-mutu-keluarga-dan-perkawinan-untuk-mewujudkan-generasi-muda-yang-berkualitas--3c311e9b0bd7ff9aa79b99daca124a49/8d9c68b4-f6f8-11e9-9724-e4434b0aade8

Afiatin, T. (2018). Psychology of marriage and family: Strengthening the family in the digital era based on local wisdom (Psikologi perkawinan dan keluarga: Penguatan keluarga di era digital berbasis kearifan lokal). Kanisius. https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=1137620

Afiatin, T., & Akhtar, H. (2018). Self-esteem as a mediator of the relationship between work-family balance and happiness among working mother. The Social Sciences, 13(8), 1341–1348. https://medwelljournals.com/abstract/?doi=sscience.2018.1341.1348

Atik, G., & Güneri, O. Y. (2013). Bullying and victimization: Predictive role of individual, parental, and academic factors. School Psychology International, 34(6), 658–673. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034313479699

Azwar, S. (2016). Cognitive ability test construction (Konstruksi tes kemampuan kognitif). Pustaka Pelajar. https://pustakapelajar.co.id/buku/konstruksi-tes-kemampuan-kognitif/

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-98423-000

Bashooir, K., & Supahar. (2018). The validity and reliability of the STEM-based science literacy performance assessment instrument for Physics learning (Validitas dan reliabilitas instrumen asesmen kinerja literasi sains pelajaran Fisika berbasis STEM). Jurnal Penelitian Dan Evaluasi Pendidikan, 22(2), 219–230. https://doi.org/10.21831/pep.v22i2.20270

Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103(1), 5–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.1.5

Bayraktar, F., Machackova, H., Dedkova, L., Cerna, A., & Ševčíková, A. (2015). Cyberbullying: The Discriminant Factors Among Cyberbullies, Cybervictims, and Cyberbully-Victims in a Czech Adolescent Sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(18), 3192–3216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514555006

Berne, S., Frisén, A., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Naruskov, K., Luik, P., Katzer, C., Erentaite, R., & Zukauskiene, R. (2013). Cyberbullying assessment instruments: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18, 320–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.11.022

Chang, F. C., Chiu, C. H., Miao, N. F., Chen, P. H., Lee, C. M., Chiang, J. T., & Pan, Y. C. (2015). The relationship between parental mediation and Internet addiction among adolescents, and the association with cyberbullying and depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 57, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.013

Chen, L., Ho, S. S., & Lwin, M. O. (2017). A meta-analysis of factors predicting cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: From the social cognitive and media effects approach. New Media & Society, 19(8), 1194–1213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816634037

Crocker, J., Lee, S. J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The pursuit of self-esteem: Implication for good and evil. In A. G. Miller (Ed.), The social psychology of good and evil (pp. 271–301). Guilford Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-16379-011

DeHart, T., Pena, R., & Tennen, H. (2013). The development of explicit and implicit self-esteem and their role in psychological adjustment. In V. Zeigler-Hill (Ed.), Current issues in social psychology: Self-esteem (pp. 99–123). Taylor & Francis. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-15325-006

Department of Sociology University of Maryland. (2019). Self-Esteem: What Is It? Department of Sociology University of Maryland. https://socy.umd.edu/about-us/rosenberg-self-esteem-scale

Fanti, K. A., & Henrich, C. C. (2015). Effects of self-esteem and narcissism on bullying and victimization during early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 35(1), 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431613519498

Fauzia, F. (2018). Cyberbullying behaviors and impact to adolescence in Indonesia. Journal of Asian Review Public Affairs and Policy, 3(4), 49–58. https://arpap.kku.ac.th/index.php/arpap/article/view/132/63

Gámez-Guadix, M., Orue, I., Smith, P. K., & Calvete, E. (2013). Longitudinal and reciprocal relations of cyberbullying with depression, substance use, and problematic internet use among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), 446–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.030

Gómez-Ortiz, O., Romera, E. M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2016). Parenting styles and bullying: The mediating role of parental psychological aggression and physical punishment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 51, 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.025

Gui, M., & Argentin, G. (2011). Digital skills of internet natives: Different forms of digital literacy in a random sample of northern Italian high school students. New Media and Society, 13(6), 963–980. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810389751

Hesari, N. K. Z., & Hejazi, E. (2011). The mediating role of self esteem in the relationship between the authoritative parenting style and aggression. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1724–1730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.333

Hox, J. J., & Bechger, T. M. (1998). An introduction to Structural Equation Modeling. Family Science Review, 11, 354–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903008345

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Hunter, S. B., Barber, B. K., & Stolz, H. E. (2015). Extending knowledge of parents’ role in adolescent development: The mediating effect of self-esteem. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(8), 2474–2484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0050-1

Jordan, C. H., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2013). Fragile self-esteem: The perils and pitfalls of (some) high self-esteem. In Current issues in social psychology: Self-esteem (pp. 80–98). Psychology Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-15325-005

Li, Q. (2007). New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 1777–1791. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2005.10.005

Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2008). Parental mediation of children’s internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(4), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150802437396

Livingstone, S., Mascheroni, G., & Staksrud, E. (2018). European research on children’s internet use: Assessing the past and anticipating the future. New Media and Society, 20(3), 1103–1122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816685930

Matsunaga, M. (2008). Item parceling in Structural Equation Modeling: A primer. In Communication Methods and Measures (Vol. 2, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1080/19312450802458935

Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Schwan, K., Wiener, J., Craig, W., Beran, T., Pepler, D., & Daciuk, J. (2016). The contribution of social support to children and adolescents’ self-perception: The mediating role of bullying victimization. Children and Youth Services Review, 63, 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.02.013

Moulder, B. C., & Algina, J. (2002). Comparison of methods for estimating and testing latent variable interactions. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0901_1

Nasrullah, R. (2015). Perundungan siber (cyber-bullying) di status Facebook divisi Humas mabes POLRI. Jurnal Sosioteknologi, 14(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5614/sostek.itbj.2015.14.1.1

Nathanson, A. I. (1999). Identifying and explaining the relationship between parental mediation and children’s aggression. Communication Research, 26(2), 124–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026002002

Nathanson, A. I. (2001). Parent and child perspectives on the presence and meaning of parental television mediation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 45(2), 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4502

Navarro, J. N., & Jasinski, J. L. (2013). Why girls? Using routine Activities Theory to predict cyberbullying experiences between girls and boys. Women and Criminal Justice, 23(4), 286–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2013.784225

Nikken, P., & Jansz, J. (2014). Developing scales to measure parental mediation of young children’s internet use. Learning, Media and Technology, 39(2), 250–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2013.782038

Nocentini, A., Calmaestra, J., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Ortega, R., & Menesini, E. (2010). Cyberbullying: Labels, behaviours and definition in three European countries. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 20(2), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.20.2.129

Olson, D. H., DeFrain, J., & Skogrand, L. (2014). Marriages & families: Intimacy, diversity, and strengths (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Park, E., & Kwon, M. (2018). Health-related internet use by children and adolescents: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7731

Park, L. E., & Crocker, J. (2013). Implication for self-regulation and relationships. In Z.-H. Virgil (Ed.), Current issues in social psychology: Self-esteem (pp. 43–59). Psychology Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-15325-003

Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204006286288

Reginasari, A. (2017). The role of self-esteem on the relationship between perceptions of parental mediation and cyber-bullying (Peran harga diri pada hubungan antara persepsi mediasi orang tua dan perundungan-siber). [Master’s thesis, Universitas Gadjah Mada]. ETD UGM Repository.

Roberto, A. J., Eden, J., Savage, M. W., Ramos-Salazar, L., & Deiss, D. M. (2014). Prevalence and predictors of cyberbullying perpetration by high school seniors. Communication Quarterly, 62(1), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2013.860906

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.

Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., Schoenbach, C., & Rosenberg, F. (1995). Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: Different concepts, different outcomes. American Sociological Review, 60(1), 141–156. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2096350

Ruiz, R. M. N. M. (2019). Curbing cyberbullying among students: A comparative analysis of existing laws among selected Asean countries. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 4(3), 1285–1305. https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2019.43.12851305

Safaria, T. (2016). Prevalence and impact of cyberbullying in a sample of indonesian junior high school students. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 15(1), 82–91. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1785479064?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true

Santhoso, F. H. (2019). The mediating role of parents and anonymity on students’ cyberbullying tendencies (Peran mediasi orang tua dan anonimitas terhadap kecenderungan cyberbullying Siswa). Jurnal Psikologi, 46(3), 261–272. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.44126

Sasson, H., & Mesch, G. (2014). Parental mediation, peer norms, and risky online behavior among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.025

Shapka, J. D., & Law, D. M. (2013). Does one size fit all? Ethnic differences in parenting behaviors and motivations for adolescent engagement in cyberbullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 723–738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9928-2

Smith, B. W., Dempsey, A. G., Jackson, S. E., Olenchak, F. R., & Gaa, J. (2012). Cyberbullying among gifted children. Gifted Education International, 28(1), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261429411427652

Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(3), 321–326. https://doi.org/10.1089/1094931041291295

Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014

UNICEF. (2019). UNICEF poll: More than a third of young people in 30 countries report being a victim of online bullying. Press Release. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/unicef-poll-more-third-young-people-30-countries-report-being-victim-online-bullying

Refbacks

There are currently no refbacks.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.