Perdebatan Inkonsistensi Temuan Bilingualisme dan Fungsi Eksekutif: Perkembangan Teori dan Hasil-hasil Terkini

Satrio Priyo Adi, Nadia Puti Dianesti, Zulfikri Khakim
(Submitted 19 December 2025)
(Published 25 June 2026)

Abstract


Keuntungan kognitif dari kemampuan menggunakan lebih dari satu bahasa (bilingualisme) masih menjadi perdebatan dalam kajian psikolinguistik. Salah satu isu yang paling banyak diperdebatkan adalah apakah bilingualisme memberikan keuntungan pada fungsi eksekutif. Sejumlah faktor yang melekat pada populasi bilingual disinyalir turut berperan dalam temuan keunggulan fungsi eksekutif pada kelompok ini, seperti status sosial ekonomi dan status imigrasi. Di samping itu, kritik terhadap lemahnya kekuatan statistik serta adanya indikasi bias publikasi semakin memperkuat perdebatan tersebut. Kritik-kritik ini mendorong berkembangnya berbagai pendekatan teoretis yang berupaya menjelaskan keterkaitan antara bilingualisme dan fungsi eksekutif. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan kajian yang runtut mengenai perkembangan teori terkait keuntungan fungsi eksekutif pada kelompok bilingual, serta rekomendasi model teoretis yang dapat mengintegrasikan temuan-temuan penelitian di masa mendatang. Kajian literatur ini bertujuan untuk menelaah temuan-temuan empiris yang mendukung maupun yang tidak mendukung adanya keuntungan bilingualisme dalam fungsi eksekutif, serta mengkaji perkembangan kerangka teoretis yang muncul seiring akumulasi temuan tersebut. Metode yang digunakan pada kajian ini adalah dengan tinjauan literatur naratif. Kajian ini diakhiri dengan rekomendasi pada kajian kerangka teoretis dari model terbaru yang berpotensi mengintegrasikan temuan-temuan yang selama ini tampak tidak konsisten. Kajian ini dapat menjadi rujukan bagi peneliti bilingualisme, khususnya di Indonesia, dalam merancang dan mengembangkan penelitian mengenai bilingualisme dan fungsi eksekutif di masa mendatang.

Keywords


bilingualisme; fungsi eksekutif; kontrol kognitif; kerangka teoretis

Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.22146/buletinpsikologi.114610

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