Activated Carbon Adsorbents Derived from Agricultural Waste for Phenolic Pollutant Removal: A Review

Annisaa Siti Zulaicha; Agung Abadi Kiswandono; Buhani Buhani; Suharso Suharso; Fidelis Nitti; Rinawati Rinawati

doi:10.22146/ijc.102884

Activated Carbon Adsorbents Derived from Agricultural Waste for Phenolic Pollutant Removal: A Review

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.102884

Annisaa Siti Zulaicha^(1*), Agung Abadi Kiswandono⁽²⁾, Buhani Buhani⁽³⁾, Suharso Suharso⁽⁴⁾, Fidelis Nitti⁽⁵⁾, Rinawati Rinawati⁽⁶⁾

(1) Department of Cosmetic Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Jl. Terusan Ryacudu, Way Huwi, Jati Agung, Lampung 35365, Indonesia; MIPA Doctoral Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Lampung, Jl. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sumantri Brojonegoro, Gedong Meneng, Lampung 35141, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Lampung, Jl. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sumantri Brojonegoro, Gedong Meneng, Lampung 35141, Indonesia
(3) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Lampung, Jl. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sumantri Brojonegoro, Gedong Meneng, Lampung 35141, Indonesia
(4) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Lampung, Jl. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sumantri Brojonegoro, Gedong Meneng, Lampung 35141, Indonesia
(5) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Jl. Adisucipto, Penfui, Kupang 85001, Indonesia
(6) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Lampung, Jl. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sumantri Brojonegoro, Gedong Meneng, Lampung 35141, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

The widespread discharge of phenol into the environment has posed a threat to the environment. Phenol waste in the aquatic environment is mainly due to its involvement in various industries such as the petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and wood product sectors. Recent studies have shown that industrial waste contains phenol in the concentration range of 2.8 to 6800 mg/L. The presence of phenol in water can cause bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms, thus posing a risk to the food chain and human health through the consumption of phenol-contaminated seafood. Long-term exposure of humans to phenol-contaminated water causes health problems such as anorexia, progressive weight loss, and liver disorders. This emphasizes the importance of addressing and reducing phenol contamination to safeguard human health. Various treatment methods have been applied, including filtration, reverse osmosis, and adsorption. Among these, adsorption is widely used due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, with activated carbon as the most commonly used adsorbent. This study comprehensively reviews previous studies on agricultural waste-based activated carbon (palm shell, candlenut, and rubber) for phenolic compound removal. It examines characterization data (BET, XRD, SEM-EDX, and FTIR) and adsorption performance, aiming to provide recommendations of the most promising biomass for developing efficient activated carbon.

Keywords

phenol; adsorbent; coconut palm; candlenut shell; rubber shell

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.102884