Comparative Study of Various Kinetic Models on Leaching of NCA Cathode Material

Soraya Ulfa Muzayanha; Cornelius Satria Yudha; Luthfi Mufidatul Hasanah; Linggar Tungga Gupita; Hendri Widiyandari; Agus Purwanto

doi:10.22146/ijc.49412

Comparative Study of Various Kinetic Models on Leaching of NCA Cathode Material

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.49412

Soraya Ulfa Muzayanha⁽¹⁾, Cornelius Satria Yudha⁽²⁾, Luthfi Mufidatul Hasanah⁽³⁾, Linggar Tungga Gupita⁽⁴⁾, Hendri Widiyandari⁽⁵⁾, Agus Purwanto^(6*)

(1) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia; Pertamina Research & Technology Center, PT. PERTAMINA, Jl. Raya Bekasi Km. 20, Pulogadung, Jakarta 13920, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia
(3) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia
(4) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia
(5) Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia
(6) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

The kinetics study of NCA leaching in the HCl system was proposed. Various kinetic models such as shrinking core, logarithmic rate law, and Avrami equation were used to find out the most appropriate kinetic models for this process. The effect of HCl concentrations, leaching temperatures, solid to liquid (S/L) ratio, and leaching duration were observed. The optimum conditions of NCA leaching were at HCl concentration of 4 M, temperature of 80 °C, S/L ratio of 100 g/L, and leaching time of 1 h. The result shows that shrinking core model with diffusion control process of residue layer describes well the leaching mechanism in this research, which is indicated by the good fitting of coefficient values of correlation (R²) and confirmed by the activation energy values of Ni, Co, Al that were less than 40 kJ/mol.

Keywords

NCA cathode waste; kinetics study; recycle; hydrometallurgical; Li-ion batteries

Full Text:

Full Text PDF

References

[1] Purwanto, A., Yudha, C.S., Ubaidillah, U., Widiyandari, H., Ogi, T., and Haerudin, H., 2018, NCA cathode material: Synthesis methods and performance enhancement efforts, Mater. Res. Express, 5 (12), 122001.

[2] Nitta, N., Wu, F., Lee, J.T., and Yushin, G., 2015, Li-ion battery materials: Present and future, Mater. Today, 18 (5), 252–264.

[3] Yudha, C.S., Muzayanha, S.U., Widiyandari, H., Iskandar, F., Sutopo, W., and Purwanto, A., 2019, Synthesis of LiNi_0.85Co_0.14Al_0.01O₂ cathode material and its performance in an NCA/graphite full-battery, Energies, 12, 1886.

[4] Pillot, C., 2017, Lithium-ion battery raw material Supply & demand 2016-2025, Avicenne Energy, Information for Growth, Mainz, Germany, 30 January 2017.

[5] Li, L., Dunn, J.B., Zhang, X.X., Gaines, L., Chen, R.J., Wu, F., and Amine, K., 2013, Recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries with organic acids as leaching reagents and environmental assessment, J. Power Sources, 233, 180–189.

[6] Zheng, X., Gao, W., Zhang, X., He, M., Lin, X., Cao, H., Zhang, Y., and Sun, Z., 2017, Spent lithium-ion battery recycling – Reductive ammonia leaching of metals from cathode scrap by sodium sulphite, Waste Manage., 60, 680–688.

[7] Chen, Y., Liu, N., Hu, F., Ye, L., Xi, Y., and Yang, S., 2018, Thermal treatment and ammoniacal leaching for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries, Waste Manage., 75, 469–475.

[8] Zou, H., Gratz, E., Apelian, D., and Wang, Y., 2013, A novel method to recycle mixed cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, Green Chem., 15 (5), 1183–1191.

[9] Chen, W.S., and Ho, H.J., 2018, Recovery of valuable metals from lithium-ion batteries NMC cathode waste materials by hydrometallurgical methods, Metals, 8 (5), 3211.

[10] Joulié, M., Laucournet, R., and Billy, E., 2014, Hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of high value metals from spent lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide-based lithium-ion batteries, J. Power Sources, 247, 551–555.

[11] Muzayanha, S.U., Yudha, C.S., Nur, A., Widiyandari, H., Haerudin, H., Nilasary, H., Fathoni, F., and Purwanto, A., 2019, A fast metals recovery methods for the synthesis of lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide material from cathode waste, Metals, 9 (5), 615.

[12] Li, L., Bian, Y., Zhang, X., Guan, Y., Fan, E., Wu, F., and Chen, R., 2018, Process for recycling mixed-cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries and kinetics of leaching, Waste Manage., 71, 362–371.

[13] Purwani, M.V., and Muzakky, 2019, Optimization and kinetics of zirconium oxychloride (ZOC) dissolution using HNO₃, Indones. J. Chem., 19 (4), 928–935.

[14] Gao, W., Song, J., Cao, H., Lin, X., Zhang, X., Zheng, X., Zhang, Y., and Sun, Z., 2018, Selective recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries – Process development and kinetics evaluation, J. Cleaner Prod., 178, 833–845.

[15] Nayl, A.A., Elkhashab, R.A., Badawy, S.M., and El-Khateeb, M.A., 2017, Acid leaching of mixed spent Li-ion batteries, Arabian J. Chem., 10 (Suppl. 2), S3632–S3639.

[16] Zheng, Y., Long, H.L., Zhou, L., Wu, Z.S., Zhou, X., You, L., Yang, Y., and Liu, J.W., 2016, Leaching procedure and kinetic studies of cobalt in cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries using organic citric acid as leachant, Int. J. Environ. Res., 10 (1), 159–168.

[17] Chen, X., Xu, B., Zhou, T., Liu, D., Hu, H., and Fan, S., 2015, Separation and recovery of metal values from leaching liquor of mixed-type of spent lithium-ion batteries, Sep. Purif. Technol., 144, 197–205.

[18] Kim, E., Kim, M., Lee, J., Jeong, J., and Pandey, B.D., 2011, Leaching kinetics of copper from waste printed circuit boards by electro-generated chlorine in HCl solution, Hydrometallurgy, 107 (3-4), 124–132.

[19] Meshram, P., Pandey, B.D., and Mankhand, T.R., 2015, Hydrometallurgical processing of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the presence of a reducing agent with emphasis on kinetics of leaching, Chem. Eng. J., 281, 418–427.

[20] Meshram, P., Pandey, B.D., and Mankhand, T.R., 2015, Recovery of valuable metals from cathodic active material of spent lithium-ion batteries: Leaching and kinetic aspects, Waste Manage., 45, 306–313.

[21] Zhuang, L., Sun, C., Zhou, T., Li, H., and Dai, A., 2019, Recovery of valuable metals from LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ cathode materials of spent Li-ion batteries using mild mixed acid as leachant, Waste Manage., 85, 175–185.

[22] Demirkiran, N., and Künkül, A., 2007, Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in perchloric acid solutions, Int. J. Miner. Process., 83 (1-2), 76–80.

[23] Li, G., Rao, M., Jiang, T., Huang, Q., and Peng, Z., 2011, Leaching of limonitic laterite ore by acidic thiosulfate solution, Miner. Eng., 24 (8), 859–863.

[24] Zhang, X., Cao, H., Xie, Y., Ning, P., An, H., and You, H., 2015, A closed-loop process for recycling LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ from the cathode scraps of lithium-ion batteries: Process optimization and kinetics analysis, Sep. Purif. Technol., 150, 186–195.

[25] Espiari, S., Rashchi, F., and Sadrnezhaad, S.K., 2006, Hydrometallurgical treatment of tailings with high zinc content, Hydrometallurgy, 82 (1-2), 54–62.

[26] Ebrahimzade, H., Reza, G., and Mahin, K., 2018, Leaching kinetics of valuable metals from waste Li-ion batteries using neural network approach, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage., 20, 2117–2129.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.49412