* Corresponding Author
Synthesis and Characterization of CaO Limestone from Lintau Buo Supported by TiO2 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst in the Production of Biodiesel
https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.64675 Vivi Sisca(1), Aju Deska(2), Syukri Syukri(3), Zilfa Zilfa(4), Novesar Jamarun(5*)
(1) Department of Chemistry, University of Andalas, Limau Manis, Padang 25163, West Sumatera, Indonesia; Department of Biology Education, Institute of Education YPM Bangko, Jendral Sudirman St. 2, Meranging, Jambi 37313, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemistry, University of Andalas, Limau Manis, Padang 25163, West Sumatera, Indonesia
(3) Department of Chemistry, University of Andalas, Limau Manis, Padang 25163, West Sumatera, Indonesia
(4) Department of Chemistry, University of Andalas, Limau Manis, Padang 25163, West Sumatera, Indonesia
(5) Department of Chemistry, University of Andalas, Limau Manis, Padang 25163, West Sumatera, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Biodiesel constitutes an alternative to diesel fuel, developing a base catalyst in cost efficiency and reducing the impact on the environment due to toxic waste and excessive chemicals. This study employed a mixture of an oxide catalyst, CaO/TiO2, which was ably synthesized as a heterogeneous catalyst to convert waste frying oil (WFO) into biodiesel. Heterogeneous catalysts have been characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TEM, SEM-EDX, and BET to identify their crystal type, morphology, composition, and surface area. Catalytic activity was affected by the amount, oil/methanol ratio, reaction temperature, and duration. A 94% biodiesel yield was achieved by optimizing the following reaction parameters: 5wt.%, 6:1 methanol: oil, 65 °C, for 4 h. The addition of TiO2 to CaO improves the catalyst stability and transforms the reactants into products. The structure and characteristics of TiO2 maintained stability and supported CaO well. Its repeated biodiesel fuel production demonstrated the catalyst stability from WFO throughout the transesterification reaction.
Keywords
Full Text:
Full Text PDFReferences
[1] Mohamad, M., Ngadi, N., Wong, S., Yahya, N.Y., Inuwa, I.M., and Lani, N.S., 2018, Synthesis and characterization of CaO-TiO2 for transesterification of vegetable palm oil, Int. J. Eng. Trans. B, 31 (8), 1326–1333.
[2] Solis, J.L., Berkemar, A.L., Alejo, L., and Kiros, Y., 2017, Biodiesel from rapeseed oil (Brassica napus) by supported Li2O and MgO, Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng., 8 (1), 9–23.
[3] Jafarmadar, S., and Pashae, J., 2013, Experimental study of the effect of castor oil biodiesel fuel on performance and emissions of turbocharged DI diesel, Int. J. Eng. Trans. B, 26 (8), 905–912.
[4] Hosseini, S.E., and Wahid, M.A., 2012, Necessity of biodiesel utilization as a source of renewable energy in Malaysia, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 16 (8), 5732–5740.
[5] Atabani, A.E., Silitonga, A.S., Badruddin, I.A., Mahlia, T.M.I., Masjuki, H.H., and Mekhilef, S., 2012, A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 16 (4), 2070–2093.
[6] Agrawal, S., Singh, B., Frómeta, A.E.N., and Sharma, Y.C., 2012, Commercial- and whitewashing-grade limestone as a heterogeneous catalyst for synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters from used frying oil (UFO), Biomass Convers. Biorefinery, 2 (4), 297–304.
[7] Mguni, L.L., Mukenga, M., Jalama, K., and Meijboom, R., 2013, Effect of calcination temperature and MgO crystallite size on MgO/TiO2 catalyst system for soybean oil transesterification, Catal. Commun., 34, 52–57.
[8] Ajala, E.O., Ajala, M.A., Odetoye, T.E., Aderibigbe, F.A., Osanyinpeju, H.O., and Ayanshola, M.A., 2020, Thermal modification of chicken eggshell as heterogeneous catalyst for palm kernel biodiesel production in an optimization process, Biomass Convers. Biorefinery, 10 (1), 1–17.
[9] Yahya, N.Y., and Ngadi, N., 2016, Effect of Calcination temperature on catalyst surface area of Ca supported TiO2 by sol-gel method for biodiesel production, Appl. Mech. Mater., 818, 219–222.
[10] Kouzu, M., and Hidaka, J., 2012, Transesterification of vegetable oil into biodiesel catalyzed by CaO: A review, Fuel, 93, 1–12.
[11] Boey, P.L., Maniam, G.P., and Hamid, S.A., 2011, Performance of calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production: A review, Chem. Eng. J., 168 (1), 15–22.
[12] Ho, W.W.S., Ng, H.K., Gan, S., and Tan, S.H., 2014, Evaluation of palm oil mill fly ash supported calcium oxide as a heterogeneous base catalyst in biodiesel synthesis from crude palm oil, Energy Convers. Manage., 88, 1167–1178.
[13] Lani, N.S., Ngadi, N., Yahya, N.Y., and Rahman, R.A., 2017, Synthesis, characterization and performance of silica impregnated calcium oxide as heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production, J. Cleaner Prod., 146, 116–124.
[14] Yahya, N.Y., Ngadi, N., Wong, S., and Hassan, O., 2018, Transesterification of used cooking oil (UCO) catalyzed by mesoporous calcium titanate: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies, Energy Convers. Manage., 164, 210–218.
[15] Nassar, M.Y., Ali, E.I., and Zakaria, E.S., 2017, Tunable auto-combustion preparation of TiO2 nanostructures as efficient adsorbents for the removal of an anionic textile dye, RSC Adv., 7 (13), 8034–8050.
[16] Galván-Ruiz, M., Hernández, J., Baños, L., Noriega-Montes, J., and Rodríguez-García, M.E., 2009, Characterization of calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, and calcium hydroxide as starting point to the improvement of lime for their use in construction, J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 21 (11), 694–698.
[17] De, A., and Boxi, S.S., 2020, Application of Cu impregnated TiO2 as a heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the production of biodiesel from palm oil, Fuel, 265, 117019.
[18] Madhuvilakku, R., and Piraman, S., 2013, Biodiesel synthesis by TiO2-ZnO mixed oxide nanocatalyst catalyzed palm oil transesterification process, Bioresour. Technol., 150, 55–59.
[19] Wen, Z., Yu, X., Tu, S.T., Yan, J., and Dahlquist, E., 2010, Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil catalyzed by TiO2-MgO mixed oxides, Bioresour. Technol., 101 (24), 9570–9576.
[20] Mohamad, M., Ngadi, N., Wong, S.L., Jusoh, M., and Yahya, N.Y., 2017, Prediction of biodiesel yield during transesterification process using response surface methodology, Fuel, 190, 104–112.
[21] Siregar, A.G.A., Manurung, R., and Taslim, T., 2021, Synthesis and characterization of sodium silicate produced from corncobs as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production, Indones. J. Chem., 21 (1), 88–96.
[22] Farooq, M., Ramli, A., Naeem, A., Mahmood, T., Ahmad, S., Humayun, M., and Islam, M.G.U., 2018, Biodiesel production from date seed oil (Phoenix dactylifera L.) via egg shell derived heterogeneous catalyst, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 132, 644–651.
[23] Ngamcharussrivichai, C., Nunthasanti, P., Tanachai, S., and Bunyakiat, K., 2010, Biodiesel production through transesterification over natural calciums, Fuel Process. Technol., 91 (11), 1409–1415.
[24] Margaretha, Y.Y., Prastyo, H.S., Ayucitra, A., and Ismadji, S., 2012, Calcium oxide from pomacea sp. shell as a catalyst for biodiesel production, Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng., 3 (1), 33.
[25] Mguni, L., Meijboom, R., and Jalama, K., 2012, Biodiesel production over nano-MgO supported on titania, World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol., 60 (4), 380–384.
[26] Aghilinategh, M., Barati, M., and Hamadanian, M., 2019, Supercritical methanol for one put biodiesel production from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae in the presence of CaO/TiO2 nano-photocatalyst and subcritical water, Biomass Bioenergy, 123, 34–40.
[27] Putra, M.D., Ristianingsih, Y., Jelita, R., Irawan, C., and Nata, I.F., 2017, Potential waste from palm empty fruit bunches and eggshells as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production, RSC Adv., 7 (87), 55547–55554.
[28] Safaei-Ghomi, J., Ghasemzadeh, M.A., and Mehrabi, M., 2013, Calcium oxide nanoparticles catalyzed one-step multicomponent synthesis of highly substituted pyridines in aqueous ethanol media, Sci. Iran., 20 (3), 549–554.
[29] Lopez, T., Sanchez, E., Bosch, P., Meas, Y., and Gomez, R., 1992, FTIR and UV-Vis (diffuse reflectance) spectroscopic characterization of TiO2 sol-gel, Mater. Chem. Phys., 32 (2), 141–152.
[30] Nolan, N.T., Seery, M.K., and Pillai, S.C., 2009, Spectroscopic investigation of the anatase-to-rutile transformation of sol-gel-synthesized TiO2 photocatalysts, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113 (36), 16151–16157.
[31] Zoccal, J.V.M., Arouca, F.D.O., and Gonçalves, J.A.S., 2010, Synthesis and characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles by the method Pechini, Mater. Sci. Forum, 660-661, 385–390.
[32] Gardy, J., Hassanpour, A., Lai, X., Ahmed, M.H., and Rehan, M., 2017, Biodiesel production from used cooking oil using a novel surface functionalised TiO2 nano-catalyst, Appl. Catal., B, 207, 297–310.
[33] Mi, G., Murakami, Y., Shindo, D., and Saito, F., 1999, Microstructural investigation of CaTiO3 formed mechanochemically by dry grinding of a CaO-TiO2 mixture, Powder Technol., 104 (1), 75–79.
[34] Xie, W., and Zhao, L., 2013, Production of biodiesel by transesterification of soybean oil using calcium supported tin oxides as heterogeneous catalysts, Energy Convers. Manage., 76, 55–62.
[35] Wong, Y.C., Tan, Y.P., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H., Ramli, I., and Tee, H.S., 2015, Biodiesel production via transesterification of palm oil by using CaO-CeO2 mixed oxide catalysts, Fuel, 162, 288–293.
[36] Wan Omar, W.N.N., and Amin, N.A.S., 2011, Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil over alkaline modified zirconia catalyst, Fuel Process. Technol., 92 (12), 2397–2405.
[37] Sisca, V., and Jamarun, N., 2019, Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using catalyst calcium oxide derived of limestone Lintau Buo, Arch. Pharm. Pract., 11 (3), 8–14.
[38] Boxi, S.S., and Paria, S., 2014, Effect of silver doping on TiO2, CdS, and ZnS nanoparticles for the photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole under visible light, RSC Adv., 4 (71), 37752–37760.
[39] Mohamad, M., and Ngadi, N., 2014, Effect of TiO2 mixed CaO catalyst in palm oil transesterification, Appl. Mech. Mater., 695, 319–322.
[40] Wang, Y.G., Nie, X.A., and Liu, Z.X., 2014, Biodiesel synthesis from Styrax tonkinensis catalyzed by S2O82–/ZrO2-TiO2-Fe3O4, Appl. Mech. Mater., 521, 621–625.
[41] Kaur, M., and Ali, A., 2011, Lithium ion impregnated calcium oxide as nanocatalyst for the biodiesel production from karanja and jatropha oils, Renewable Energy, 36 (11), 2866–2871.
[42] Suprapto, Fauziah, T.R., Sangi, M.S., Oetami, T.P., Qoniah, I., and Prasetyoko, D., 2016, Calcium oxide from limestone as solid base catalyst in transesterification of Reutealis trisperma oil, Indones. J. Chem., 16 (2), 208–213.
[43] Hayyan, A., Alam, M.Z., Mirghani, M.E.S., Kabbashi, N.A., Hakimi, N.I.N.M., Siran, Y.M., and Tahiruddin, S., 2010, Sludge palm oil as a renewable raw material for biodiesel production by two-step processes, Bioresour. Technol., 101 (20), 7804–7811.
[44] Patil, P.D., Gude, V.G., and Deng, S., 2009, Biodiesel production from jatropha curcas, waste cooking, and Camelina sativa oils, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48 (24), 10850–10856.
[45] Moradi, G., Mohadesi, M., and Hojabri, Z., 2014, Biodiesel production by CaO/SiO2 catalyst synthesized by the sol-gel process, React. Kinet. Mech. Catal., 113 (1), 169–186.
[46] Boro, J., Thakur, A.J., and Deka, D., 2011, Solid oxide derived from waste shells of Turbonilla striatula as a renewable catalyst for biodiesel production, Fuel Process. Technol., 92 (10), 2061–2067.
[47] Alsharifi, M., Znad, H., Hena, S., and Ang, M., 2017, Biodiesel production from canola oil using novel Li/TiO2 as a heterogeneous catalyst prepared via impregnation method, Renewable Energy, 114, 1077–1089.
[48] Sithole, T., Jalama, K., and Meijboom, R., 2014, Biodiesel production from waste vegetable oils over MgO/ZrO2 catalyst, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineerings-WCE 2014, Vol II, July 2-4, London, U.K.
[49] Sudsakorn, K., Saiwuttikul, S., Palitsakun, S., Seubsai, A., and Limtrakul, J., 2017, Biodiesel production from jatropha curcas oil using strontium-doped CaO/MgO catalyst, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 5 (3), 2845–2852.
[50] Salinas, D., Araya, P., and Guerrero, S., 2012, Study of potassium-supported TiO2 catalysts for the production of biodiesel, Appl. Catal., B, 117-118, 260–267.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.64675
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 5727
| 
views : 3707
Copyright (c) 2021 Indonesian Journal of Chemistry
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry (ISSN 1411-9420 /e-ISSN 2460-1578) - Chemistry Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.