* Corresponding Author
Use of Direct Microwave Irradiation in the Synthesis of Vanadium Phosphorus Oxide Catalysts via Vanadyl Hydrogen Phosphate Sesquihydrate Precursor
https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.88163 Jo Yee Kang(1), Loong Kong Leong(2*), Yeow Hong Yap(3), Thian Khok Yong(4)
(1) Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Science and Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Selangor 43000, Malaysia
(2) Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, Southern University College, PTD 64888, Jalan Selatan Utama, KM 15, Off, Skudai Lbh, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia; Excelube Marketing Sdn. Bhd., F-3A-17, IOI Boulevard, Jalan Kenari 5, Bandar Puchong Jaya, Puchong, Selangor 47170, Malaysia
(3) Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Science and Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Selangor 43000, Malaysia
(4) Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Science and Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Selangor 43000, Malaysia
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Four vanadyl pyrophosphate (VPO) catalysts were prepared via the sesquihydrate precursor route using direct microwave irradiation and reflux synthesis methods. The synthesis of the sesquihydrate precursor was carried out in 2 stages. The synthesized catalysts were denoted as VPOs-DD, VPOs-RR, VPOs-RD, and VPOs-DR; where VPOs represented VPO catalysts produced through sesquihydrate precursor, and D and R represented direct microwave irradiation and reflux synthesis methods, respectively. The direct microwave irradiation synthesis method was found to reduce the synthesis duration significantly for both stages of the precursor synthesis, from 48 to 4 h. An exclusive secondary configuration, akin to a needle-shaped form in chrysanthemums, is specifically noted in VPOs-DD could increase the specific surface area by 35.4% compared to the bulkier structure of VPOs catalyst produced via the conventional reflux synthesis method (VPOs-RR). Direct microwave irradiation could induce the removal of more than 4 times the total amount of oxygen atoms from the lattice of V4+ and V5+ phases, as compared to the conventional reflux method counterpart. This ultimately produced VPOs catalysts with greater catalytic performances and TON. In summary, employing direct microwave irradiation could generate VPOs catalysts with increased efficiency, improved activity and selectivity as compared to the conventional reflux method.
Keywords
Full Text:
Full Text PDFReferences
[1] Faizan, M., Li, Y., Zhang, R., Wang, X., Song, P., and Liu, R., 2022, Progress of vanadium phosphorous oxide catalyst for n-butane selective oxidation, Chin. J. Chem. Eng., 43, 297–315.
[2] Mahmoud, E., Watson, D.A., and Lobo, R.F., 2014, Renewable production of phthalic anhydride from biomass-derived furan and maleic anhydride, Green Chem., 16 (1), 167–175.
[3] Chatzidimitriou, A., and Bond, J.Q., 2015, Oxidation of levulinic acid for the production of maleic anhydride: Breathing new life into biochemicals, Green Chem., 17 (8), 4367–4376.
[4] Hundhausen, U., Kloeser, L., and Mai, C., 2015, Usability of maleic anhydride as wood modification agent for the production of medium density fibreboards (MDF), Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod., 73 (3), 283–288.
[5] Hu, L.F., Zhang, C.J., Chen, D.J., Cao, X.H., Yang, J.L., and Zhang, X.H., 2020, Synthesis of high-molecular-weight maleic anhydride-based polyesters with enhanced properties, ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2 (12), 5817–5823.
[6] Mangili, P.V., Junqueira, P.G., Santos, L.S., and Prata, D.M., 2019, Eco-efficiency and techno-economic analysis for maleic anhydride manufacturing processes, Clean Technol. Environ. Policy, 21 (5), 1073–1090.
[7] Ali, E., Al-haj Ali, M., Alhumaizi, K., and Elharbawi, M., 2017, Optimal oxygen feeding policy to maximize the production of maleic anhydride in unsteady state fixed bed catalytic reactors, J. King Saud Univ., Eng. Sci., 29 (3), 204–211.
[8] Ali, M.A.H., and Al-Humaizi, K., 2014, Maleic anhydride production in a cross-flow reactor: A comparative study, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 92 (5), 876–883.
[9] Santander, P., Bravo, L., Pecchi, G., and Karelovic, A., 2020, The consequences of support identity on the oxidative conversion of furfural to maleic anhydride on vanadia catalysts, Appl. Catal., A, 595, 117513.
[10] Mokrane, E., Barama, S., Barama, A., Hamid Alhassan, F., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H., Messaoudi, H., Slyemi, S., and Pinard, L., 2017, Solid-phase and precipitation synthesis of Ti-pyrophosphate for the catalytic oxydehydrogenation of n-butane, C. R. Chim., 20 (11-12), 1037–1046.
[11] Faizan, M., Li, Y., Wang, X., Song, P., Zhang, R., and Liu, R., 2023, Rare earth metal based DES assisted the VPO synthesis for n-butane selective oxidation toward maleic anhydride, Green Energy Environ., 8 (6), 1737–1752.
[12] Nguyen Dinh, M.T., Nguyen, T.L., Phan, M.D., Nguyen Dinh, L., Truong, Q.D., and Bordes-Richard, E., 2019, Control of the crystal morphology of VOHPO4·0.5H2O precursors prepared via light alcohols-assisted solvothermal synthesis and influence on the selective oxidation of n-butane, J. Catal., 377, 638–651.
[13] Shcherban, N.D., Diyuk, E.A., and Sydorchuk, V.V., 2019, Synthesis and catalytic activity of vanadium phosphorous oxides systems supported on silicon carbide for the selective oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride, React. Kinet., Mech. Catal., 126 (2), 975–985.
[14] Schulz, C., Roy, S.C., Wittich, K., d’Alnoncourt, R.N., Linke, S., Strempel, V.E., Frank, B., Glaum, R., and Rosowski, F., 2019, αII-(V1-xWx)OPO4 catalysts for the selective oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride, Catal. Today, 333, 113–119.
[15] Trifirò, F., and Grasselli, R.K., 2014, How the yield of maleic anhydride in n-butane oxidation, using VPO catalysts, was improved over the years, Top. Catal., 57 (14), 1188–1195.
[16] Wu, H.Y., Wang, H.B., Liu, X.H., Li, J.H., Yang, M.H., Huang, C.J., Weng, W.Z., and Wan, H.L., 2015, Samarium-modified vanadium phosphate catalyst for the selective oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride, Appl. Surf. Sci., 351, 243–249.
[17] He, B., Nan, L., Li, Z., Wen, B., Niu, J., and Liu, R., 2019, Effect of Mo species on the selective oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride over Mo-promoted VPP, ChemistrySelect, 4 (2), 662–669.
[18] Eichelbaum, M., Glaum, R., Hävecker, M., Wittich, K., Heine, C., Schwarz, H., Dobner, C.K., Welker-Nieuwoudt, C., Trunschke, A., and Schlögl, R., 2013, Towards physical descriptors of active and selective catalysts for the oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride, ChemCatChem, 5 (8), 2318–2329.
[19] Shi, Y., Dai, F., Zhang, T., He, B., Zhang, R., Liu, R., and Ren, B., 2020, Hydroxyl‐rich deep eutectic solvents assistant synthesis of VPO and its application in selective oxidation of n‐butane, ChemistrySelect, 5 (23), 6907–6917.
[20] Cheng, M.J., Goddard, W.A., and Fu, R., 2014, The reduction-coupled oxo activation (ROA) mechanism responsible for the catalytic selective activation and functionalization of n-butane to maleic anhydride by vanadium phosphate oxide, Top. Catal., 57 (14), 1171–1187.
[21] Carrero, C.A., Schloegl, R., Wachs, I.E., and Schomaecker, R., 2014, Critical literature review of the kinetics for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane over well-defined supported vanadium oxide catalysts, ACS Catal., 4 (10), 3357–3380.
[22] Dai, F., Shi, Y., Zhang, T., Faizan, M., Li, Z., Zhang, R., Liu, R., and Zhang, S., 2020, Phosphorus-based ionic liquid as dual function promoter oriented synthesis of efficient VPO catalyst for selective oxidation of n-butane, Catal. Lett., 151 (1), 255–266.
[23] Novelli, M., Leonardi, M., and Cortelli, C., 2014, “Selective Oxidation Reactions in Polynt: An Overview of Processes and Catalysts for Maleic Anhydride” in Handbook of Advanced Methods and Processes in Oxidation Catalysis, Imperial College Press, Covent Garden, London, UK, 334–352.
[24] Müller, M., Kutscherauer, M., Böcklein, S., Mestl, G., and Turek, T., 2020, On the importance of by-products in the kinetics of n-butane oxidation to maleic anhydride, Chem. Eng. J., 401, 126016.
[25] Wilkinson, S.K., Simmons, M.J.H., Stitt, E.H., Baucherel, X., and Watson, M.J., 2013, A novel approach to understanding and modelling performance evolution of catalysts during their initial operation under reaction conditions – Case study of vanadium phosphorus oxides for n-butane selective oxidation, J. Catal., 299, 249–260.
[26] Müller, M., Kutscherauer, M., Böcklein, S., Mestl, G., and Turek, T., 2021, Improved kinetics of n-butane oxidation to maleic anhydride: The role of byproducts, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 60 (1), 218–229.
[27] Li, X., Ko, J., and Zhang, Y., 2018, Highly efficient gas-phase oxidation of renewable furfural to maleic anhydride over plate vanadium phosphorus oxide catalyst, ChemSusChem, 11 (3), 612–618.
[28] Kouvatas, C., Alonzo, V., Bataille, T., Le Pollès, L., Roiland, C., Louarn, G., and Le Fur, E., 2017, Synthesis, crystal structure of the ammonium vanadyl oxalatophosphite and its controlled conversion into catalytic vanadyl phosphates, J. Solid State Chem., 253, 73–77.
[29] Schulz, C., Pohl, F., Driess, M., Glaum, R., Rosowski, F., and Frank, B., 2019, Selective oxidation of n-butane over vanadium phosphate based catalysts: Reaction network and kinetic analysis, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 58 (7), 2492–2502.
[30] Lesser, D., Mestl, G., and Turek, T., 2016, Transient behavior of vanadyl pyrophosphate catalysts during the partial oxidation of n‑butane in industrial-sized, fixed bed reactors, Appl. Catal., A, 510, 1–10.
[31] O’Leary, W.C., Goddard, W.A., and Cheng, M.J., 2017, Dual-phase mechanism for the catalytic conversion of n-butane to maleic anhydride by the vanadyl pyrophosphate heterogeneous catalyst, J. Phys. Chem. C, 121 (43), 24069–24076.
[32] Mestl, G., Lesser, D., and Turek, T., 2016, Optimum performance of vanadyl pyrophosphate catalysts, Top. Catal., 59 (17), 1533–1544.
[33] Dai, F., Li, Z., Chen, X., He, B., Liu, R., and Zhang, S., 2018, Synthesis of vanadium phosphorus oxide catalysts promoted by iron-based ionic liquids and their catalytic performance in selective oxidation of n-butane, Catal. Sci. Technol., 8 (17), 4515–4525.
[34] Caldarelli, A., Bañares, M.A., Cortelli, C., Luciani, S., and Cavani, F., 2014, An investigation on surface reactivity of Nb-doped vanadyl pyrophosphate catalysts by reactivity experiments and in situ Raman spectroscopy, Catal. Sci. Technol., 4 (2), 419–427.
[35] Heine, C., Hävecker, M., Stotz, E., Rosowski, F., Knop-Gericke, A., Trunschke, A., Eichelbaum, M., and Schlögl, R., 2014, Ambient-pressure soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy of a catalyst surface in action: Closing the pressure gap in the selective n-butane oxidation over vanadyl pyrophosphate, J. Phys. Chem. C, 118 (35), 20405–20412.
[36] Bordes-Richard, E., 2021, Application of concepts in heterogeneous oxidation of hydrocarbons: Mo, V-based oxide catalysts for oxidation of ethane and of n- and i-butanes, Catal. Today., 363, 15–26.
[37] Langeslay, R.R., Kaphan, D.M., Marshall, C.L., Stair, P.C., Sattelberger, A.P., and Delferro, M., 2019, Catalytic applications of vanadium: A mechanistic perspective, Chem. Rev., 119 (4), 2128–2191.
[38] Wu, H.Y., Jin, P., Sun, Y., Yang, M.H., Huang, C.J., Weng, W.Z., and Wan, H.L., 2016, Enhancing catalytic performance of phosphorus-modified ceria supported VPO catalysts for n-butane oxidation, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 414, 1–8.
[39] Chu, W., Luo, J., Paul, S., Liu, Y., Khodakov, A., and Bordes, E., 2017, Synthesis and performance of vanadium-based catalysts for the selective oxidation of light alkanes, Catal. Today, 298, 145–157.
[40] Leong, L.K., Chin, K.S., and Taufiq-Yap, Y.H., 2012, Effect of varying reflux durations on the physico-chemical and catalytic performance of vanadium phosphate catalysts synthesized via vanadyl hydrogen phosphate sesquihydrate, Appl. Catal., A, 415-416, 53–58.
[41] He, B., Li, Z., Zhang, H., Dai, F., Li, K., Liu, R., and Zhang, S., 2019, Synthesis of vanadium phosphorus oxide catalysts assisted by deep-eutectic solvents for n-butane selective oxidation, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 58 (8), 2857–2867.
[42] Schulz, C., Kraehnert, R., Rosowski, F., and Frank, B., 2018, Selective oxidation of n-butane over vanadium-phosphorus oxide: Oxygen activation and dynamics, ChemCatChem, 10 (23), 5523–5532.
[43] Rezaei, M., Najafi Chermahini, A., and Dabbagh, H.A., 2017, Green and selective oxidation of cyclohexane over vanadium pyrophosphate supported on mesoporous KIT-6, Chem. Eng. J., 314, 515–525.
[44] Feng, X., Yao, Y., Su, Q., Zhao, L., Jiang, W., Ji, W., and Au, C.T., 2015, Vanadium pyrophosphate oxides: The role of preparation chemistry in determining renewable acrolein production from glycerol dehydration, Appl. Catal., B, 164, 31–39.
[45] Palanychamy, P., Loong Kong, L., and Issabayeva, G., 2023, Effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the production of a dihydrate precursor for selective n-butane oxidation, Mater. Today: Proc., In Press, Corrected Proof.
[46] Yang, D., Sararuk, C., Suzuki, K., Li, Z., and Li, C., 2016, Effect of calcination temperature on the catalytic activity of VPO for aldol condensation of acetic acid and formalin, Chem. Eng. J., 300, 160–168.
[47] Böcklein, S., Mestl, G., Auras, S.V., and Wintterlin, J., 2017, On the correlation of structure and catalytic performance of VPO catalysts, Top. Catal., 60 (19), 1682–1697.
[48] Mahdavi, V., and Hasheminasab, H.R., 2014, Vanadium phosphorus oxide catalyst promoted by cobalt doping for mild oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde in the liquid phase, Appl. Catal., A, 482, 189–197.
[49] Gu, Y., Liu, H., Yang, M., Ma, Z., Zhao, L., Xing, W., Wu, P., Liu, X., Mintova, S., Bai, P., and Yan, Z., 2020, Highly stable phosphine modified VOx/Al2O3 catalyst in propane dehydrogenation, Appl. Catal., B, 274, 119089.
[50] Najari, S., Saeidi, S., Concepcion, P., Dionysiou, D.D., Bhargava, S.K., Lee, A.F., and Wilson, K., 2021, Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane: Catalytic and mechanistic aspects and future trends, Chem. Soc. Rev., 50 (7), 4564–4605.
[51] Ishimura, T., Sugiyama, S., and Hayashi, H., 2000, Vanadyl hydrogenphosphate sesquihydrate as a precursor for preparation of (VO)2P2O7 and cobalt-incorporated catalysts, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 158 (2), 559–565.
[52] Taufiq-Yap, Y.H., Leong, L.K., Hussein, M.Z., Irmawati, R., and Abd Hamid, S.B., 2004, Synthesis and characterization of vanadyl pyrophosphate catalysts via vanadyl hydrogen phosphate sesquihydrate precursor, Catal. Today, 93-95, 715–722.
[53] Wang, Y., Zhuang, Q., and Ni, Y., 2015, Facile microwave-assisted solid-phase synthesis of highly fluorescent nitrogen-sulfur-codoped carbon quantum dots for cellular imaging, Chem. - Eur. J., 21 (37), 13004–13011.
[54] Dąbrowska, S., Chudoba, T., Wojnarowicz, J., and Łojkowski, W., 2018, Current trends in the development of microwave reactors for the synthesis of nanomaterials in laboratories and industries: A review, Crystals, 8 (10), 379.
[55] Saggadi, H., Polaert, I., Luart, D., Len, C., and Estel, L., 2015, Microwaves under pressure for the continuous production of quinoline from glycerol, Catal. Today, 255, 66–74.
[56] Shaikh, S.P.S., Somalu, M.R., and Muchtar, A., 2016, Nanostructured Cu-CGO anodes fabricated using a microwave-assisted glycine–nitrate process, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 98, 91–99.
[57] Rownaghi, A.A., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H., and Tang, J.W., 2009, Influence of the ethylene glycol, water treatment and microwave irradiation on the characteristics and performance of VPO catalysts for n-butane oxidation to maleic anhydride, Catal. Lett., 130 (3), 593–603.
[58] Rownaghi, A.A., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H., and Rezaei, F., 2009, Solvothermal synthesis of vanadium phosphate catalysts for n-butane oxidation, Chem. Eng. J., 155, 514–522.
[59] Horikoshi, S., Matsuzaki, S., Sakamoto, S., and Serpone, N., 2014, Efficient degassing of dissolved oxygen in aqueous media by microwave irradiation and the effect of microwaves on a reaction catalyzed by Wilkinson's catalyst, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 97, 48–55.
[60] Horikoshi, S., and Serpone, N., 2014, On the influence of the microwaves’ thermal and non-thermal effects in titania photoassisted reactions, Catal. Today, 224, 225–235.
[61] Sutradhar, M., Andrade, M.A., Carabineiro, S.A.C., Martins, L.M.D.R.S., Guedes da Silva, M.F.C., and Pombeiro, A.J.L., 2021. Oxido- and dioxido-vanadium(V) complexes supported on carbon materials: Reusable catalysts for the oxidation of cyclohexane, Nanomaterials, 11 (6), 1456.
[62] Chen, Z., Chen, Q., Wang, H., Zhang, R., Zhou, H., Chen, L., and Whittingham, M.S., 2014, A β-VOPO4/ε-VOPO4 composite Li-ion battery cathode, Electrochem. Commun., 46, 67–70.
[63] Conde, L.D., Marún, C., Suib, S.L., and Fathi, Z., 2001, Frequency effects in the catalytic oligomerization of methane via microwave heating, J. Catal., 204 (2), 324–332.
[64] Niwa, M., and Murakami, Y., 1982, Reaction mechanism of ammoxidation of toluene: IV. Oxidation state of vanadium oxide and its reactivity for toluene oxidation, J. Catal., 76 (1), 9–16.
[65] Klug, P.H., and Alexander, L.E., 1974, X-Ray Diffraction Procedures for Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials, 2nd Ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, US.
[66] Cornaglia, L., Irusta, S., Lombardo, E.A., Durupty, M.C., and Volta, J.C., 2003, The beneficial effect of cobalt on VPO catalysts, Catal. Today, 78 (1-4), 291–301.
[67] Centi, G., 1993, Vanadyl pyrophosphate - A critical overview, Catal. Today, 16 (1), 5–26.
[68] Aït-Lachgar, K., Abon, M., and Volta, J.C., 1997, Selective oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride on vanadyl pyrophosphate: Influence of oxidation pretreatments on the catalytic performances, J. Catal., 171 (2), 383–390.
[69] Redhead, P.A., 1962, Thermal desorption of gases, Vacuum, 12 (4), 203–211.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.88163
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 270
| 
views : 47
Copyright (c) 2024 Indonesian Journal of Chemistry
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry (ISSN 1411-9420 /e-ISSN 2460-1578) - Chemistry Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.