* Corresponding Author
Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Fresh, Wilted, and Dried Leaves of Holy Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) Planted in Yogyakarta
https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.72545 Hetty Sri Mulyati(1*), Rini Yanti(2), Supriyadi Supriyadi(3)
(1) Department of Food Technology and Agricultural Products, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281
(2) Department of Food Technology and Agricultural Products, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281
(3) Department of Food Technology and Agricultural Products, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of drying and distillation time on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of essential oil from holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) leaves. The leaves were subjected to different drying treatments to obtain fresh, wilted, and dried samples. The microstructure tissue of the various treatment samples was observed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Subsequently, essential oil was extracted using the water and steam distillation method for 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours. The distilled essential oil was tested for its physicochemical properties (specific gravity, refractive index, acid number, and solubility in alcohol), and the compound composition evaluation was carried out using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The antioxidant activity was then determined using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results showed that the fresh leaves distillation for 5 hours produced the highest oil yield of 0.62%. The physicochemical properties were 0.986 g/ml specific gravity, 1.339 refractive index, 1.8 mg KOH/g acid value, and 1:1 solubility in alcohol. The major component of the product was methyl isoeugenol (20.50%), bete-element (15.07%), eugenol (13.59%), germacrene D (14.2%), and ylangene (7.46). The results of the antioxidant activity test showed that the essential oil of holy basil could be included in the powerful natural antioxidant category, with an IC50 value of 7,895 μg/mL.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abed, K. M., & Kurji, B. M. (2018). Extraction of Ocimum basillicum Oil by Solvents Methods. (April), 3–6. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2018.21032
Ahmed, A. F., Attia, F. A. K., Liu, Z., Li, C., Wei, J., & Kang, W. (2019). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of essential oils and extracts of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants. Food Science and Human Wellness, 8(3), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2019.07.004
Anh, T. T., Duyen, L. T., Hang, L. M., Lam, T. D., Bach, L. G., Nguyen, D. C., & Toan, T. Q. (2019). Effect of drying temperature and storage time on Ocimum gratissimum Linn. leaf essential oil from Central Highlands, Vietnam. Materials Today: Proceedings, 18, 4648–4658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.449
Badarinath, A. V, Rao, K. M., Chetty, C. M. S., Ramkanth, S., Rajan, T. V. S., & Gnanaprakash, K. (2010). A Review on In-vitro Antioxidant Methods : Comparisions , Correlations and Considerations. 2(2), 1276–1285.
Benmoussa, H., Elfalleh, W., He, S., Romdhane, M., Benhamou, A., & Chawech, R. (2018). Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity for rapid extraction of essential oil from Tunisian cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds: Optimization by response surface methodology. Industrial Crops and Products, 124(August), 633–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.08.036
Bhavya, M. L., Chandu, A. G. S., & Devi, S. S. (2018). Ocimum tenuiflorum oil, a potential insecticide against rice weevil with anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. Industrial Crops and Products, 126(October), 434–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.10.043
Boonyanugomol, W., Rukseree, K., Prapatpong, P., Reamtong, O., Baik, S. C., Jung, M., Shin, M. K., Kang, H. L., Lee, W. K. (2021). An in vitro anti-cancer activity of ocimum tenuiflorum essential oil by inducing apoptosis in human gastric cancer cell line. Medicina (Lithuania), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57080784
Devi, S. A., & Ganjewala, D. (2011). Antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of sweet-flag (Acorus calamus) leaves and rhizomes. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 17(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2010.509659
Fattahi, B., Arzani, K., Souri, M. K., & Barzegar, M. (2019). Effects of cadmium and lead on seed germination, morphological traits, and essential oil composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 138 (June). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111584
Gardjito, M., Putri, G, R., & Dewi, S. (2018). Profil Struktur, Bumbu dan Bahan dalam Kuliner Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University.
Hadipoentyanti, E dan Wahyuni, S. (2008). Keragaman selasih (Ocimum Sp) Berdasarkan karakter morfologi produksi dan mutu Herba. Jurnal Littri, 14(4), 141–149.
Harianingsih, Wulandari, R., Harliyanto, C., & Andiani, C. N. (2017). Identifikasi GC-MS ekstrak minyak atsiri dari sereh wangi (Cymbopogon winterianus) menggunakan pelarut metanol. Techno, 18(1), 23–27.
Katika, J. G., Suketi, K., & Mayasari, H. (2016). Produksi biomassa dan minyak atsiri kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) pada Berbagai dosis pupuk nitrogen dan pupuk cair hayati. J. Hort. Indonesia. 7(April), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.29244/jhi.7.1.56-63
Khalili, G., Mazloomifar, A., Larijani, K., Tehrani, M. S., & Azar, P. A. (2018). Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oils from Thymus vulgaris L. and Melissa officinalis L. Industrial Crops and Products, 119(September 2017), 214–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.04.021
Khasanah, L. U. (2015). Pengaruh perlakuan pendahuluan terhadap karakteristik mutu minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix DC). Jurnal Aplikasi Teknologi Pangan, 04(02), 48–55. https://doi.org/10.17728/jatp.2015.10
Mahapatra, S. K. & Roy, S. (2014). Phytopharmacological approach of free radical scavenging and anti-oxidative potential of eugenol and Ocimum gratissimum Linn. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 7(S1), S391–S397. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60264-9
Mayasari, D., Jayuska, A., & Wibowo, M. A. (2013). Pengaruh variasi waktu dan ukuran sampel terhadap komponen minyak atsiri dari daun jeurk purut (Citrus hystrix DC.). Jurnal Kimia Khatulistiwa, 2(2), 74–77.
Memarzadeh, S. M., Gholami, A., Pirbalouti, A. G., & Masoum, S. (2020). Bakhtiari savory (Satureja bachtiarica Bunge.) essential oil and its chemical profile, antioxidant activities, and leaf micromorphology under green and conventional extraction techniques. Industrial Crops and Products, 154(January), 112719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112719
Muhtadin, A. F., Wijaya, R., & Prihatini, P. (2013). Pengambilan minyak atsiri dari kulit jeruk. Jurnal Teknik Pomits, 2(1), 98–101.
Molyneux P. (2004). The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating anti-oxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26(May), 211–219.
Mousavi, L., Salleh, R. M., & Murugaiyah, V. (2018). Phytochemical and bioactive compounds identification of Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves of methanol extract and its fraction with an antidiabetic potential. International Journal of Food Properties, 21(1), 2390–2399. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2018.1508161
Nugraheni, K. S., Khasanah, L. U., Utami, R., & Ananditho, B. K. (2016). Pengaruh perlakuan pendahuluan dan variasi metode destilasi terhadap karakteristik mutu minyak atsiri daun kayu manis (C. burmanii). Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Pertanian, IX(2), 51–64.
Nurjannah, D. A., Retnowati, R., & Juswono, U. P. (2013). Aktivitas antioksidan dari minyak bunga cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum) kering berdasarkan aktivitas antiradikal yang ditentukan menggunakan Electron Spin Resonance. Jurnal Ilmu Kimia Universitas Brawijaya, 1(2), 283–288.
Nurnasari, E. & Prabowo, H. (2020). Pengaruh ukuran sampel dan lama waktu destilasi terhadap rendemen minyak atsiri tembakau lokal Indonesia. Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri, 11(2), 47. https://doi.org/10.21082/btsm.v11n2.2019.47-57
Pandey, A. K., Singh, P., & Tripathi, N. N. (2014). Chemistry and bioactivities of essential oils of some Ocimum species: An overview. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(9), 682–694. https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C77
Piras, A., Gonçalves, M. J., Alves, J., Falconieri, D., Porcedda, S., Maxia, A., & Salgueiro, L. (2018). Ocimum tenuiflorum L. and Ocimum basilicum L., two spices of Lamiaceae family with bioactive essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 113 (December 2017), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.01.024
Putri, I. A., Fatimura, M., Husnah, H., & Bakrie, M. (2021). Pembuatan minyak atsiri kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) dengan menggunakan metode distilasi uap langsung. Jurnal Redoks, 6(2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.31851/redoks.v6i2.5202
Qorriaina, R., Hawa, L. C., & Yulianingsih, R. (2015). Aplikasi pra-perlakuan microwave assisted extraction (MAE) Pada ekstrak daun kemangi (Ocimum sanctum) Menggunakan rotary evaporator (studi pada variasi suhu dan waktu ekstraksi). Jurnal Bioproses Komoditas Tropis, 3(1), 32–38.
Rao, B. R. R., Kothari, S. K., Rajput, D. K., Patel, R. P., & Darokar, M. P. (2011). Chemical and biological diversity in fourteen selections of four ocimum species. Natural Product Communications 6(11):1705-1710 https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1100601134
Rinaldi, M. (2012). Tekenang Daun Ruku-ruku. Retrieved March 13, 2020, from Wordpress.com website: https://rinaldimunir.wordpress.com/2012/03/01/terkenang-daun-ruku-ruku/
Riyanto, A., Yunilawati, R., Rahmi, D., Aidha, N. N., & Ratnawati, E. (2015). Isomerisasi eugenol menjadi isoeugenol dengan metode sonikasi. Jurnal Kimia dan Kemasan, 37(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.24817/jkk.v37i1.1810
Rohini, J., Mansoureh, N. V., Fouad Saleih, R. A. S., Rabeta, M. S., & Shah, A. M. (2019). Preliminary screening on wound healing potential of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. using in vitro assays. Food Research, 3 (3), 258–264. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.3(3).010
Sayuti, K. & Yenrina, R. (2015). Antioksidan Alami dan Sintetik. Padang: Andalas University.
Sharma, R., & Kumar, B. S. V. (2011). Isolation characterization and antioxidant potential of endophytic fungi of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae). Indian Journal of Applied Research, 3(7), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/july2013/23
Slamet, S., Ulyarti, U., & Rahmi, S. (2019). Pengaruh lama fermentasi terhadap rendemen dan mutu fisik minyak nilam Pogostemon cablin Benth). Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pertanian Indonesia, 11(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.17969/jtipi.v11i1.11671
Standar Nasional Indonesia (2006). Standarisasi Mutu Minyak Atsiri. Jakarta: Badan Standarisasi Nasional.
Sukardi., Rivitac, A., Pulungan, M. H., Mulyadi, A. F. (2014). Penerapan PEF (Pulsed Electric Field) pada ekstraksi minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix D.C) dengan metode destilasi air dan uap. Universitas Brawijaya. Malang.
Tucker, R. P. & Adams, J. C. (2014). Adhesion networks of Cnidarians: A postgenomic view, 11(2), 323–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800097-7.00008-7
Upadhyay, A. K., Chacko, A. R., Gandhimathi, A., Ghosh, P., Harini, K., Joseph, A. P., Joshi, A. G., Karpe, S. D., Kaushik, S., Kuravadi, N., Lingu, C. S., Mahita, J., Malarini, R., Malhotra, S., Malini, M., Mathew, O. K., Mutt, E., Naika, M., Nitish, S., Pasha, S. N., Raghavender, U. S., Rajamani, A., Shilpa, S., Shingate, P. N., Singh, H. R., Sukhwal, A., Sunitha, M. S., Sumathi, M., Ramaswamy, S., Gowda, M., Sowdhamini, R. (2015). Genome sequencing of herb Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) unravels key genes behind its strong medicinal properties. BMC Plant Biology, 15(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-015-0562-x
Voo, S. S., Grimes, H. D., & Lange, M. B. (2012). Assessing the biosynthetic capabilities of secretory glands in citrus peel. Plant Physiology, 159 (1), 81–94. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.194233
Wang, Z. (2015). Antagonistic activity of Ocimum sanctum L . essential oil on growth and zearalenone production by Fusarium graminearum in maize grains. 6 (September), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00892
Wongpraneekul, A., Havananda, T., & Luengwilai, K. (2022). Variation in aroma level of holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) leaves is related to volatile composition, but not trichome characteristics. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27(May 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2021.100347
Zarlaha, A., Kourkoumelis, N., Stanojkovic, T. P., & Kovala-Demertzi, D. (2014). Cytotoxic activity of essential oil and extracts of Ocimum basilicum against human carcinoma cells. Molecular docking study of isoeugenol as a potent cox and lox inhibitor. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 9(3), 907–917.
Zotti-Sperotto, N. C., Melo, E. de C., de Souza, M. I. L., Fonseca, M. C. M., Gonzaga, D. A., de Ávila, M. B. R., Demuner, A. J., Ventrella, M. C., Lelis, A. C. V. (2020). Effect of drying with ultrasonic pretreatment on the yield and quality of the essential oil of Varronia curassavica Jacq. and Ocimum gratissimum Linn. Industrial Crops and Products, 147(January), 112211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112211
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.72545
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 1180
| 
views : 1951
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2023 Rini Yanti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
agriTECH has been Indexed by:
agriTECH (print ISSN 0216-0455; online ISSN 2527-3825) is published by Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada in colaboration with Indonesian Association of Food Technologies.